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. 2020 Nov 27;11:583824. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583824

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Copyright © 2020 Obata-Ninomiya, Domeier and Ziegler

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immune responses against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) infection in the lungs. During a primary Nb infection, Nb leaves the lungs before the peak of infiltration of eosinophils and M2-type macrophages to the site of lung infection (68). On the other hand, during re-infection of Nb, activated Innate Lymphoid Cell 2 cells (ILC2s) and CXCR6⁺ST2⁺ memory Th2 cells produce IL-5 and IL-13. IL-5 and IL-13 promote lung infiltration, activation and major basic protein (MBP) production by eosinophils. In addition, M2-type macrophages are also induced by type 2 cytokines that could be produced by ILC2s, Th2 cells and/or neutrophils in re-infection.