Table 1.
The experimental models of nematode infections.
| Helminth | Infection stage | Natural Route of infection | Route of Experimental inoculation | Characteristics of Infection | Model for infection in human (infection route) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nippostrongylus brasiliensis | L3 larvae | Skin penetration | i.d., s.c. | Naturally penetrate the skin and migrate to the lungs. Parasites then migrate to the gut to lay eggs. Short-lived infection | Ascaris lumbricoides (Oral ingestion) |
| Hookworms; | |||||
| Strongyloides venezuelensis | L3 larvae | Skin penetration | s.c. | Necator americanus (Oral ingestion), | |
| Strongyloides ratti | Ancylostoma duodenale (Oral ingestion or skin penetration) | ||||
| Strongyloides stercolaris (Skin penetration) | |||||
| Heligmosomoides polygyrus | L3 larvae | Oral ingestion | p.o. | Chronic infection from ingestion of larvae | |
| Trichinella spiralis | L1 larvae | Oral ingestion | p.o. | Food-borne (infective juvenile), zoonotic parasite | Trichinella spiralis (Oral ingestion) |
| Trichuris muris | Eggs | Oral ingestion | p.o. | Ingestion of infectious eggs that hatch in the cecum and colon | Trichuris trichiura (Oral ingestion) |
| Litomosoides sigmodontis | L3 larvae | mite | s.c., mite | Chronic infection | Human filarial diseases; |
| Brugia pahangi | L3 larvae | mosquito | s.c. | Adult worms inhabit the pleural cavity | Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, |
| Wuchereria bancrofti | |||||
| Onchocerca volvulus, | |||||
| Loa loa |