Table 3.

Adjusted odds ratios (OR with 95% CI) between husband’s controlling behaviour and lifetime spousal violence (N = 3425)

		Lifetime physical spousal violence			Lifetime sexual spousal violence			Lifetime emotional spousal violence
		Model 1: adjusted for demographic factor	Model 2: Model 1 + respondent’s characteristics	Model 3: Model 2 + husband’s characteristics	Model 1: adjusted for demographic factor	Model 2: Model 1 + respondent’s characteristics	Model 3: Model 2 + husband’s characteristics	Model 1: adjusted for demographic factor	Model 2: Model 1 + respondent’s characteristics	Model 3: Model 2 + husband’s characteristics
Husband’s controlling behaviour	No vs. Yes	4.3(3.6–5.2)*	4.4 (3.5–5.4)*	3.7 (3.0–4.7)*	6.9(4.7–10.3)*	6.7(4.3–10.4)*	5.3 (3.3–8.6)*	6.1 (5.0–7.4)*	6.1 (4.9–7.6)*	5.6 (4.4–7.2)*
Demographic factor	Categories
Wealth status	Middle or high vs. low	1.8(1.5–2.2)*	1.7 (1.4–2.2)*	1.6 (1.2–2.0)*	1.5(1.1–2.2)**	1.5(1.02–2.3)**	1.2 (0.8–1.9)	1.7 (1.4–2.1)*	1.7 (1.4–2.1)*	1.7 (1.3–2.2)*
Respondent’s characteristics	Categories
Age	30–49 vs. 15–29		0.9 (0.8–1.2)	1.2 (0.9–1.6)		0.9 (0.6–1.3)	1.1 (0.6–2.0)		1.0 (0.8–1.3)	0.9 (0.6–1.2)
Education	Secondary or higher vs. None or primary		1.3(1.02–1.6)**	1.2(0.9–1.6)		1.1 (0.7–1.7)	1.1 (0.7–1.9)		1.2 (0.9–1.5)	1.1 (0.8–1.4)
Wife-beating justification	No vs. Yes		1.3(1.01–1.5)**	1.3(1.01–1.6)**		1.5 (0.99–2.3)	1.6 (0.98–2.5)		1.1(0.9–1.4)	1.1 (0.9–1.4)
Exposure to parental violence	No vs. Yes		2.0 (1.6–2.6)*	2.0 (1.6–2.6)*		1.8(1.2–2.8)**	1.6 (0.99–2.6)		1.9(1.5–2.4)*	1.8 (1.4–2.4)*
Husband’s characteristics	Categories
Age	30–49 vs. 15–29			0.7 (0.5–1.04)			0.8 (0.4–1.7)			1.3 (0.9–2.0)
Education	Secondary or higher vs. None or primary			1.0 (0.8–1.3)			1.6 (0.95–2.7)			1.2 (0.9–1.5)
Alcohol abuse	No vs. Yes			2.6 (2.1–3.3)*			2.1 (1.3–3.3)**			3.2 (2.5–4.1)*

Data source: Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016).

*p-value < 0.001, **p-value < 0.05.

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; N, number of participants.