Table 4.

Synergy factors (SF) concerning the effects on spousal violence among ever-married Myanmar women aged 15–49 (N = 3425)

	Lifetime physical violence (n = 575)		Lifetime sexual violence (n = 131)		Lifetime Emotional violence (n = 544)
Variables	Crude OR (95% CI)	SF	Crude OR (95% CI)	SF	Crude OR (95% CI)	SF
Husband’s controlling behaviour and wealth status
No control and not poor	1		-		1
No control but poor	1.8 (1.4–2.4)		-		1.7 (1.2–2.2)
Control but not poor	4.3 (3.3–5.7)		-		6.0 (4.5–7.9)
Control and poor	7.9 (6.0–10.4)	1.0	-	-	10.3 (7.7–13.8)	1.0
Husband’s controlling behaviour and wife-beating justificationa
No control and 0	1		-		-
No control and 1–5	1.2 (0.9–1.6)		-		-
Control and 0	3.8 (2.8–5.1)		-		-
Control and 1–5	5.4 (4.1–7.1)	1.2	-	-	-	-
Husband’s controlling behaviour and exposure to parental violence
No control and no exposure	1		-		1
No control but exposed	2.2 (1.6–3.0)		-		2.1 (1.5–3.0)
Control but no exposure	4.1 (3.2–5.2)		-		6.0 (4.7–7.6)
Both control and exposure	9.1 (6.8–12.3)	1.0	-	-	12.0 (8.9–16.4)	1.0
Husband’s controlling behaviour and husband’s alcohol abuse
No control and no alcohol abuse	1		1		1
No control but alcohol abuse	2.9 (2.2–3.8)		2.2 (1.1–4.4)		3.2 (2.3–4.3)
Control but no alcohol abuse	4.1 (3.0–5.7)		6.1 (3.1–12.0)		5.5 (3.9–7.7)
Both control and alcohol abuse	11.0 (8.3–14.5)	0.9	14.4 (7.9–26.2)	1.1	18.3 (13.5–25.0)	1.0

Bold notes a statistically significant odds ratio with p-value <0.05.

^aWife-beating justification was statistically associated with lifetime physical violence only, in the final models.

Data source: Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016).

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SF, synergy factor; N, number of participants; n, number of cases.