Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Severity of liver disease | ||||||
| NAFLD/NASH overall (n = 8,205) | NAFLD/NASH non-progressors (n = 5,984) | CC (n = 139) | DCC (n = 2,028) | LT (n = 115) | HCC (n = 61) | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, yr | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 58.4 (16.6) | 54.8 (15.9) | 65.2 (14.2) | 68.8 (14.4) | 54.3 (11.8) | 70.9 (11.4) |
| Age group, yr, n (%) | ||||||
| 18–44 | 1,824 (22.2) | 1,671 (27.9) | 9 (6.5) | 131 (6.5) | 18 (11.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| 45–64 | 3,305 (40.3) | 4,313 (72.1) | 56 (40.3) | 565 (27.9) | 76 (49.0) | 16 (26.2) |
| ≥65 | 3,076 (37.5) | 1,677 (28.0) | 74 (53.2) | 1,332 (65.7) | 21 (13.6) | 45 (73.8) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Female | 3,793 (46.2) | 2,859 (47.8) | 57 (41.0) | 878 (43.3) | 24 (20.9) | 21 (34.4) |
| Male | 4,412 (53.8) | 3,125 (52.2) | 82 (59.0) | 1,150 (56.7) | 91 (79.1) | 40 (65.6) |
| Region, n (%) | ||||||
| Other | 2,698 (32.9) | 2,014 (33.7) | 47 (33.8) | 639 (31.5) | 11 (9.6) | 13 (21.3) |
| Andalusia | 964 (11.7) | 677 (11.3) | 36 (25.9) | 260 (12.8) | 10 (6.5) | 15 (24.6) |
| Catalonia | 1,395 (17.0) | 959 (16.0) | 16 (11.5) | 366 (18.1) | 75 (48.4) | 13 (21.3) |
| Galicia | 687 (8.4) | 561 (9.4) | 5 (3.6) | 123 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.3) |
| Madrid | 1,464 (17.8) | 994 (16.6) | 13 (9.4) | 447 (22.0) | 19 (12.3) | 18 (29.5) |
| Valencian Community | 997 (12.2) | 779 (13.0) | 22 (15.8) | 193 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Comorbid health conditions, n (%) | ||||||
| Abdominal pain | 178 (2.2) | 158 (2.6) | 0 (0.0)∗ | 19 (0.9)∗,† | 1 (0.9)∗ | 0 (0.0)∗ |
| Anemia | 984 (12.0) | 367 (6.1) | 33 (23.7)∗,† | 597 (29.4)∗,† | 7 (6.1)∗,† | 16 (26.2)∗,† |
| Apnea | 123 (1.5) | 92 (1.5) | 1 (0.7)∗ | 31 (1.5)∗ | 0 (0.0)∗ | 1 (1.6)∗ |
| Bariatric surgery | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.02) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 726 (8.8) | 365 (6.1) | 13 (9.4)∗ | 353 (17.4)∗,† | 1 (0.9)∗,† | 5 (8.2)∗,† |
| Diabetes mellitus, type 1 | 39 (0.5) | 32 (0.5) | 1 (0.7)∗ | 7 (0.4)∗ | 0 (0.0)∗ | 0 (0.0)∗ |
| Diabetes mellitus, type 2 | 1,656 (20.2) | 965 (16.1) | 37 (26.6)∗ | 657 (32.4)∗,† | 17 (14.8)∗,† | 19 (31.1)∗,† |
| Dyspepsia | 208 (2.5) | 130 (2.2) | 5 (3.6)∗ | 74 (3.7)∗,† | 1 (0.9)∗ | 1 (1.6)∗ |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1,204 (14.7) | 932 (15.6) | 16 (11.5)∗ | 258 (12.7)∗,† | 2 (1.7)∗,† | 6 (9.8)∗,† |
| Hypertension | 2,299 (28.0) | 1,476 (24.7) | 45 (32.4)∗ | 776 (38.3)∗,† | 19 (16.5)∗,† | 24 (39.3)∗,† |
| Insomnia | 8 (0.1) | 4 (0.07) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Obesity | 569 (6.9) | 424 (7.1) | 12 (8.6)∗ | 136 (6.7)∗,† | 5 (4.4)∗,† | 0 (0.0)∗,† |
| Renal impairment | 643 (7.8) | 252 (4.2) | 16 (11.5)∗ | 376 (18.5)† | 11 (9.6)∗ | 10 (16.4)∗ |
| Tobacco use, current or past | 963 (11.7) | 677 (11.3) | 18 (12.9)∗ | 267 (13.2)∗,† | 7 (6.1)∗,† | 6 (9.8)∗,† |
| Thyroid disease | 491 (6.0) | 331 (5.5) | 12 (8.6)∗ | 151 (7.5)∗,† | 3 (2.6)∗,† | 3 (4.9)∗,† |
| Vitamin D deficiency | 32 (0.4) | 26 (0.4) | 0 (0.0)∗ | 6 (0.3)∗ | 0 (0.0)∗ | 0 (0.0)∗ |
| Multiple comorbid health conditions, n (%) | ||||||
| CVD AND diabetes (type 1 or 2) AND renal impairment | 236 (2.9) | 50 (0.8) | 4 (2.9)∗ | 62 (3.1)∗,† | 0 (0.0)∗ | 3 (4.9)∗ |
| CVD OR diabetes (type 1 or 2) OR renal impairment | 1,727 (21.0) | 1,034 (17.3) | 35 (25.2)∗ | 690 (34.1)∗,† | 16 (13.9)∗,† | 16 (26.2)∗,† |
| At least 1 of 5 comorbidities¶ | 3,648 (44.5) | 1,190 (19.9) | 33 (23.7)∗ | 738 (36.4)∗,† | 17 (14.8)∗,† | 18 (29.5)∗,† |
| At least 2 of 5 comorbidities¶ | 1,959 (23.9) | 454 (7.6) | 14 (10.1)∗ | 319 (15.7)∗,† | 3 (2.6)∗,† | 9 (14.8)∗ |
| At least 3 of 5 comorbidities‡ | 782 (9.5) | 108 (1.8) | 4 (2.9)∗ | 101 (5.0)∗,† | 0 (0.0)∗ | 3 (4.9)∗ |
CC = compensated cirrhosis, CVD = cardiovascular disease, DCC = decompensated cirrhosis, HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma, LT = liver transplant, NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NASH = nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, SD = standard deviation.
∗
P < .05 for comparison with NAFLD/NASH non-progressors.
†
P < .05 for comparison with CC.
‡
CVD, diabetes (type 1 or 2), hyperlipidemia, hypertension, renal impairment.