Figure 3. Dynamic changes of the immune landscape during early childhood.

A) The age in months of Tanzanian children at blood samples throughout follow-up period (n = 414 in total). B) Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) for children at B0 (n = 78) and B32 (n = 109) based on the 336 tSNE clusters, with the coordinates for each dimension compared by Mann-Whitney test. Colors correspond to time-point (B0 = white, B32 = black). C) Heatmap of cell subsets which were significantly different between B0 and B32 in Tanzanian children (p<0.0001 and conditional R² >0.25), with the frequency predicted from LMER models shown normalized to week 20 frequency. p-values for the effect of sex and age determined by ANOVA of LMER models after fdr adjustment shown in grey boxes, and the marginal and conditional R² of LMER model shown in purple for each cell subset. D) The frequency of four representative cell subsets (as a % of parent population) plotted against age for each sample, with linear-mixed effects regression (LMER) modelling (red line). Marginal R² and p-value for fit of LMER models shown in boxes above each plot.