Figure 1.

Overview of the adoptive cell therapy (ACT) process for cancer treatment using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), or genetically modified TCR-T or CAR-T cells. A. For TIL ACT, tumors are resected, and tumor-reactive T cells are isolated and expanded ex vivo. B. CTL therapy relies on enriching and expanding peripheral blood T cells with known TAA specificity. C & D. ACT with TCR-T or CAR-T cells relies on the genetic modification of peripheral blood T cells by viral vectors to express a specific TCR or CAR. Patients are pretreated with a lymphodepletion regime before adoptive transfer of TILs, TCR-T, or CAR-T cells to create space and availability of homeostatic and activating cytokines. Figure created with Biorender.