TABLE 1.

Nematode-derived molecules and their potential for therapeutic use as vaccine, anthelminthic or anti-inflammatory treatments.

	Therapeutic potential	Name	Function
Preclinical	Anthelminthic/Vaccine	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)	Detoxifies molecules Saeed et al., 2018
		Enolase	Binds to plasminogen and assists in invading host tissue Jiang et al., 2019
		Endocannabinoid (eCB)	Regulates parasite metabolism and development Batugedara et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2019b
		Dafachronic acid (DA)
		Serpin	Inhibits host blood coagulation Yi et al., 2010
		α-Gal	Induces host production of protective antibodies Hodžić et al., 2020
Clinical		Hemoglobinase aspartic protease (APR-1)	Involved in the hemoglobin detoxification pathway Hotez et al., 2013
		Glutathione S-transferase (GST-1)
		Ancylostoma secreted protein-2 (ASP-2)	Although effective in animal models, caused generalized urticaria in clinical trial Diemert et al., 2012
Preclinical	Anti-Inflammatory	Anti-inflammatory protein-2 (AIP)	Promotes Tregs to suppress airway inflammation Navarro et al., 2016
		Alarmin release inhibitor (ARI)	Binds to IL-33 and inhibits its release Osbourn et al., 2017
		Binds ARI (BARI)	Binds to receptor for IL-33 Vacca et al., 2020
		Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)	Induces anti-inflammatory eicosanoid switch de Los Reyes et al., 2020
		Cystatin	Reduces inflammatory cytokines and promotes Tregs Hartmann et al., 2002
		Macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF)	Suppresses the immune system through structures homologous to host cytokines Johnston et al., 2017; Cho et al., 2011
		TGF-β mimic (TGM)
		p43	Binds and inhibits IL-13 Bancroft et al., 2019
		ES-62	Interacts with a broad range of immune cells to downregulate an inflammatory response Suckling et al., 2018
		DNase	Impairs worm killing by degrading neutrophil extracellular traps Bouchery et al., 2020
		Extracellular vesicles (EVs)	Disrupt immune cell function and contain miRNAs Eichenberger et al., 2018