Table 1.
Characteristics of the study populations in the baseline (KARE S2) and follow-up (KARE S5) cohorts by ADA criteria.
| Clinical and laboratory parameters | Baseline (n = 1723) | Follow-up (n = 500) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NGT (n = 924) | PD (n = 799) | NGT (n = 301) | PD (n = 199) | |
| Age (years) | 54.54 ± 8.66 | 56.85 ± 8.70* | 59.42 ± 7.71 | 62.07 ± 9.08* |
| Sex (female) (%) | 50.11 | 58.46* | 50.83 | 54.27* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.31 ± 2.91 | 25.29 ± 3.15* | 22.98 ± 2.75 | 23.63 ± 3.37 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 45.46 ± 10.28 | 43.38 ± 10.13* | 49.91 ± 13.06 | 48.03 ± 12.28 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 118.57 ± 29.74 | 124.42 ± 32.58* | 115.66 ± 26.63 | 118.34 ± 30.82 |
| Triglycerides (TG) (mg/dL) | 110.74 ± 56.79 | 145.44 ± 69.85* | 108.06 ± 50.25 | 124.95 ± 64.72* |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.26 ± 0.29 | 5.74 ± 0.33* | 5.16 ± 0.23 | 5.68 ± 0.29* |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 82.91 ± 4.68 | 99.65 ± 8.74* | 83.47 ± 5.44 | 91.70 ± 8.20* |
| 2 h-PPG (mg/dL) | 88.96 ± 15.94 | 143.20 ± 32.33* | 89.74 ± 19.09 | 126.11 ± 34.01* |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 6.70 ± 3.05 | 8.57 ± 4.36* | 6.24 ± 2.20 | 8.04 ± 4.04* |
| HOMA-IR | 1.38 ± 0.67 | 2.12 ± 1.14* | 1.29 ± 0.49 | 1.85 ± 1.05* |
Data presented as mean ± deviations (SD) and n (%). BMI body mass index, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin. 2 h-PPG 2 h-postprandial glucose. HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) was calculated by following formula = [Fasting insulin (µlU/mL) × Fasting glucose (mg/dL)]/405. *Mann–Whitney test analyzed the significance between the two groups (P < 0.05).