Table.
Estimated associations between individual-level, household-level, and community-level factors and seropositivity from spatial logistic regression models
| Patients (n=2901)* | Full model, adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | Univariate model, unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual-level factors | ||||
| Age, years | ||||
| 0–9 | 337 (12%) | 0·49 (0·34–0·70) | 0·49 (0·34–0·69) | |
| 10–19 | 745 (26%) | 0·71 (0·56–0·89) | 0·73 (0·58–0·91) | |
| ≤20 | 1819 (63%) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1391 (48%) | 1·11 (0·91–1·35) | 1·07 (0·89–1·28) | |
| Female | 1510 (52%) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Travel history | ||||
| No travel in past 6 months | 1215 (42%) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Travel in past week | 444 (15%) | 1·15 (0·83–1·60) | 1·17 (0·88–1·57) | |
| Travel in past month | 593 (20%) | 0·91 (0·68–1·22) | 0·97 (0·74–1·26) | |
| Travel in past 6 months | 649 (22%) | 1·01 (0·77–1·32) | 1·05 (0·82–1·34) | |
| Household-level factors | ||||
| Household income per month, US$† | ||||
| <90 | 309 (11%) | 1·41 (0·94–2·11) | 1·25 (0·91–1·71) | |
| 91–130 | 534 (18%) | 1·02 (0·74–1·42) | 0·99 (0·76–1·30) | |
| 131–261 | 1094 (38%) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| >261 | 964 (33%) | 0·95 (0·71–1·27) | 0·92 (0·72–1·16) | |
| Education (head of household) | ||||
| No school | 900 (31%) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Primary school | 746 (26%) | 1·21 (0·89–1·66) | 1·17 (0·91–1·51) | |
| Secondary school | 791 (27%) | 1·09 (0·80–1·49) | 1·08 (0·84–1·39) | |
| Post-secondary education | 464 (16%) | 0·77 (0·52–1·15) | 0·77 (0·56–1·05) | |
| Electricity in house | 2629 (91%) | 1·17 (0·76–1·81) | 1·07 (0·76–1·51) | |
| Owns land | 2315 (80%) | 0·99 (0·72–1·36) | 0·94 (0·74–1·21) | |
| Owns home | 2717 (94%) | 1·04 (0·59–1·83) | 0·94 (0·60–1·47) | |
| Community-level factors | ||||
| Urban | 733 (25%) | 1·51 (0·94–2·44) | 1·36 (1·00–1·83) | |
| Distance to major water body, per 10 km | 1·00 (1·17) | 0·90 (0·76–1·07) | 0·91 (0·78–1·06) | |
| Poverty index | −0·10 (0·59) | 1·04 (0·57–1·93) | 1·14 (0·85–1·53) | |
| Travel time to nearest city, min | 12·63 (14·57) | 0·99 (0·98–1·01) | 0·99 (0·98–1·00) | |
| Altitude, m | 16·78 (16·12) | 1·00 (0·98–1·01) | 0·99 (0·98–1·01) | |
| Population, log | 10·72 (1·19) | 0·86 (0·66–1·13) | 1·00 (0·87–1·14) | |
Data are n (%) or mean (SD), unless otherwise indicated. The full model includes all covariates shown in the table, random effects for household and community, in addition to a Matern spatial correlation function.
*
Patients with complete data for all variables.
†
Categories in Bangladesh Taka (TK) are <7000, 7000–9999, 10 000–20 000, and >20 000; TK77·6=US$1 (June, 2015).