Table 1. Characteristics of subjects in the intervention and control groups before the intervention.
| Boys | Pa | Girls | Pa | |||||||
| Control | Intervention | Control | Intervention | |||||||
| n | 11 | 28 | 15 | 27 | ||||||
| Age, years | 4.5 | (0.3) | 4.5 | (0.3) | 0.87 | 4.5 | (0.3) | 4.5 | (0.3) | 0.91 |
| Height, cm | 105.7 | (3.9) | 102.1 | (4.2) | 0.018 | 101.5 | (4.9) | 102.5 | (4.5) | 0.53 |
| Weight, kg | 17.5 | (2.1) | 16.4 | (1.6) | 0.092 | 16.6 | (2.3) | 16.3 | (1.8) | 0.67 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 15.6 | (1.1) | 15.7 | (0.8) | 0.68 | 16.0 | (1.1) | 15.5 | (0.9) | 0.10 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 102.7 | (9.2) | 100.2 | (10.9) | 0.51 | 100.3 | (11.6) | 100.5 | (11.4) | 0.96 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 65.8 | (13.1) | 60.6 | (9.4) | 0.17 | 60.4 | (10.1) | 60.0 | (8.7) | 0.87 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 93.7 | (12.4) | 88.9 | (15.7) | 0.37 | 91.4 | (12.4) | 94.4 | (8.2) | 0.37 |
| Birth weight, g | 3,310.8 | (486.3) | 3,028.2 | (544.7) | 0.14 | 2,925.5 | (711.8) | 3,139.5 | (483.2) | 0.25 |
| Present illness, % | 18.2% | 14.8% | 0.80 | 20.0% | 14.8% | 0.67 | ||||
| Medicine use, % | 30.0% | 28.6% | 0.93 | 14.3% | 26.9% | 0.36 | ||||
| Household smoking, % | 45.5% | 71.4% | 0.13 | 60.0% | 70.4% | 0.49 | ||||
| Sleep time at night, h | 10.1 | (0.5) | 10.0 | (0.6) | 0.52 | 10.0 | (0.5) | 10.2 | (0.5) | 0.44 |
| Sedentary lifestyle time, minutes | 100.5 | (42.1) | 122.5 | (61.4) | 0.28 | 127.3 | (75.4) | 100.9 | (42.0) | 0.15 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||||||
| Total energy, kcal/d | 1,391.3 | (184.5) | 1,349.5 | (229.2) | 0.59 | 1,365.2 | (198.5) | 1,314.7 | (160.1) | 0.37 |
| Carbohydrate, % energy | 55.55 | (4.9) | 56.77 | (4.9) | 0.49 | 54.63 | (4.2) | 57.30 | (4.4) | 0.063 |
| Protein, % energy | 13.36 | (1.6) | 12.28 | (2.1) | 0.13 | 12.24 | (1.3) | 12.99 | (1.1) | 0.052 |
| Fat, % energy | 30.03 | (4.1) | 29.80 | (3.9) | 0.87 | 32.26 | (4.0) | 28.83 | (3.8) | 0.010 |
| Salt, g/1000 kcal/d | 3.53 | (0.4) | 3.28 | (0.6) | 0.20 | 3.41 | (0.7) | 3.63 | (0.6) | 0.32 |
| Seaweed, g/1000 kcal/d | 1.4 | (1.1) | 1.1 | (1.2) | 0.43 | 1.0 | (0.9) | 1.2 | (0.7) | 0.41 |
| Seaweed, once/day or more, % | 27.3% | 32.1% | 0.77 | 20.0% | 18.5% | 0.91 | ||||
| Roasted laver, once/day or more, % | 18.2% | 14.3% | 0.76 | 6.7% | 3.7% | 0.67 | ||||
mean (standard deviation) or percentage.
aP values by t-test or chi-squared test.