Table 5.

Bivariate analysis using depression, assessed using the PHQ-9 scale, as a continuous outcome variable (N=251)

Variable	PHQ-9 score, mean±SD	β (95% CI)	p-Valuea
Sex
Male	9.2 ± 5.4	−1.54 (−2.81 to −0.27)	0.02
Female (reference)	10.7 ± 4.8	1.0
Age (continuous)	10.0 ± 5.2	0.05 (0.01 to 0.08)	0.03
Education
Illiterate	10.8 ± 5.4	2.32 (1.03 to 3.62)	<0.001
Literate (reference)	8.5 ± 4.4	1.0
Marital status
Currently married	9.5 ± 5.2	−1.44 (−2.81 to −0.08)	0.04
Currently not married (reference)	10.9 ± 5.0	1.0
Employment
Employedb	10.2 ± 5.5	0.90 (−0.71 to 2.42)	0.28
Not employed (reference)	9.3 ± 3.20	1.0
Relative income
Very low and low (reference)	11.3 ± 5.3	1.0	<0.001
Middle and high	8.2 ± 4.4	−3.11 (−4.35 to −1.87)
Acute attack frequency (N=235)
Every week/2 weeks/month (reference)	10.2 ± 5.1	1.0
≥3 months	9.3 ± 5.1	−0.92 (−2.39 to 0.53)	0.21
Acute attack (continuous)	10.0 ± 5.2	0.01 (−0.24 to 0.26)	0.93
Have you ever received treatment for your leg lymphoedema?
No (reference)	9.8 ± 5.1	1.0	0.35
Yes	10.7 ± 5.6	0.84 (−0.93 to 2.61)
Are you currently receiving treatment for, or self-treating your leg(s)?
No (reference)	10.0 ± 5.1	1.0	0.82
Yes	9.7 ± 5.9	−0.27 (−2.59 to 2.05)
Hazardous drinking habit (FAST)
No (reference)	9.7 ± 4.9	1.0	0.38
Yes	10.3 ± 5.5	0.60 (−0.74 to 1.93)
Social support (based on Oslo-3)
Poor (reference)	5.9 ± 5.2	1.0
Moderate	9.0 ± 4.9	−1.76 (−3.17 to −0.35)	0.01
Strong	10.8 ± 3.5	−4.85 (−7.29 to −2.41)	<0.001
Disability assessment based on WHODAS (continuous)	11.8 ± 5.1	0.31 (0.25 to 0.37)	<0.001
DLQI (continuous)	10.0 ± 5.2	−0.04 (−0.17 to 0.09)	0.52

^aLinear regression was used to examine the association between explanatory variables and depression measured by the PHQ-9. Explanatory variables with an association of p<0.2 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariate linear regression model.

^bSalaried, self-employed and farming.