Table 3.
Comparison of laboratory findings between mild and severe outcomes of patients with COVID-19
| Laboratory findings | Total cases (n=172) | Mild (n=112) | Severe (n=60) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hematologic parameters | ||||
| WBC (G/L) | 5.8 (4.5-7.3) | 5.4 (4.4-6.9) | 6.5 (5.1-7.9) | 0.006 |
| N percentage (%) | 64.9 (56.2-73) | 60.6 (54.6-66.6) | 74.8 (65.5-86.6) | <0.001 |
| N (G/L) | 3.56 (2.75-5.02) | 3.32 (2.52-4.31) | 4.69 (3.38-6.51) | <0.001 |
| L percentage (%) | 22.8 (10.8) | 26.8 (8.9) | 15.4 (10.1) | <0.001a |
| L (G/L) | 1.29 (0.86-1.67) | 1.51 (1.11-1.77) | 0.81 (0.53-1.29) | <0.001 |
| Hb (g/L) | 120 (15) | 121 (12) | 119 (19) | 0.535a |
| PLT (G/L) | 216 (165-280) | 224 (180-291) | 208 (92) | 0.036 |
| Biochemical parameters | ||||
| TB (µmol/L) | 11.5 (9.1-14.1) | 11.2 (3.5) | 12.2 (9.8-18) | 0.01 |
| ALT (U/L) | 28 (18-49) | 27 (18-46) | 34 (18-52) | 0.429 |
| AST (U/L) | 26 (20-37) | 23 (20-30) | 32 (24-47) | 0.001 |
| A/G | 1.20 (1.10-1.55) | 1.40 (1.20-1.70) | 1.10 (0.90-1.28) | <0.001 |
| ALB (g/L) | 36.0 (32.1-40.3) | 38.2 (4.6) | 31.1 (28.0-35.0) | <0.001 |
| GLB (g/L) | 27.8 (24.6-32.2) | 28.0 (5.1) | 30.3 (6.2) | 0.01a |
| ALP (U/L) | 77 (63-99) | 76 (62-98) | 84 (69-106) | 0.096 |
| LDH (U/L) | 200 (167-273) | 181 (164-230) | 273 (211-407) | <0.001 |
| TNI (ng/L) | 2.80 (1.40-8.18) | 1.80 (1.00-3.75) | 10.1 (3.1-170) | <0.001 |
| CK (U/L) | 56.5 (39.8-87.3) | 51 (39-73) | 75 (41-142) | 0.003 |
| CK-MB (ng/mL) | 0.50 (0.30-1.00) | 0.40 (0.30-0.68) | 0.95 (0.50-2.80) | <0.001 |
| CysC (mg/L) | 1.13 (0.95-1.39) | 1.08 (0.91-1.23) | 1.25 (1.02-1.78) | 0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 4.30 (3.50-5.38) | 4.20 (3.49-5.00) | 4.50 (3.66-9.61) | 0.012 |
| CREA (µmol/L) | 66 (57-81) | 65 (56-75) | 75 (58-92) | 0.027 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.38 (1.01-1.86) | 1.41 (1.02-1.91) | 1.32 (1.00-1.77) | 0.389 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 139 (137-141) | 140 (138-141) | 139 (6) | 0.161 |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.14 (3.72-4.50) | 4.15 (0.45) | 4.12 (0.86) | 0.753a |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.38 (0.17) | 2.30 (0.15) | 2.13 (0.16) | <0.001a |
| ESR (mm/h) | 38 (20-59) | 37.4 (22.3) | 51.3 (27.1) | 0.004a |
| CRP (mg/L) | 4.2 (2.9-36.8) | 3.1 (1.0-8.1) | 76.4 (14.0-132.8) | <0.001 |
| PCT (µg/L) | 0.13 (0.09-0.13) | 0.13 (0.06-0.13) | 0.13 (0.13-0.21) | <0.001 |
| Cytokine levels | ||||
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 11.1 (5.9-33.1) | 8.1 (5.4-11.5) | 54.7 (27.5-88.4) | <0.001 |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | 3.55 (2.73-5.47) | 3.72 (2.79-5.80) | 3.28 (2.51-4.90) | 0.181 |
| IL-4 (pg/ml) | 2.83 (2.08-3.76) | 3.14 (2.11-3.85) | 2.53 (2.06-3.34) | 0.063 |
| IL-2 (pg/ml) | 2.97 (2.56-3.97) | 3.12 (2.60-4.06) | 2.87 (2.56-3.66) | 0.242 |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | 4.27 (3.43-5.22) | 4.10 (3.09) | 4.71 (3.66-6.10) | 0.006 |
| IFN-γ (pg/ml) | 2.87 (2.13-3.50) | 2.97 (2.09-3.51) | 2.63 (2.15-3.50) | 0.635 |
| Lymphocyte subpopulation | ||||
| CD4+/CD8+ | 1.93 (1.49-2.84) | 1.86 (1.47-2.68) | 2.16 (1.53-3.30) | 0.101 |
| CD3+ (%) | 75.5 (68.2-80.8) | 73.9 (9.4) | 75.2 (66.2-81.6) | 0.826 |
| CD4+ (%) | 45.4 (10.7) | 45.2 (9.3) | 45.6 (13.1) | 0.824a |
| CD8+ (%) | 23.7 (17.8-29.3) | 24.7 (8.3) | 19.8 (15.0-30.3) | 0.078 |
| B lymphocyte (%) | 11.1 (8.2-15.5) | 12.1 (5.2) | 10.1 (8.3-16.2) | 0.650 |
| NK (%) | 7.6 (4.7-12.0) | 7.2 (4.9-12.0) | 9.5 (3.7-12.0) | 0.491 |
| Immuneglobulin | ||||
| IgG (g/L) | 10.9 (9.3-12.8) | 11.5 (9.8-13.2) | 10.2 (8.1-11.6) | 0.052 |
| IgA (g/L) | 2.43 (1.70-3.04) | 2.56 (1.15) | 2.56 (1.35) | 0.991a |
| IgM (g/L) | 1.01 (0.75-1.33) | 1.05 (0.80-1.36) | 0.86 (0.56-1.10) | 0.092 |
| IgE (IU/ml) | 33.8 (13.4-102.5) | 30.3 (11.3-64.0) | 47.9 (16.8-182.7) | 0.039 |
| Complement | ||||
| C3 (g/L) | 0.87 (0.80-0.98) | 0.86 (0.13) | 0.92 (0.21) | 0.203a |
| C4 (g/L) | 0.21 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.10) | 0.027 |
Note: Continuous data are the mean (SD) if following a normal distribution according to the Shapiro-Wilk test (P<0.01); otherwise, median (lower quartile-upper quartile);
a: Independent variable t-test; otherwise, Mann-Whitney U test.