Table 1. Characteristics of Individuals Initiating Outpatient Medication for Opioid Use Disorder or Inpatient Care After Propensity Score Matching.
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Initiated outpatient medication treatment (n = 18 545) | Initiated inpatient care (n = 18 545) | |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 11 625 (62.7) | 11 625 (62.7) |
| Female | 6920 (37.3) | 6920 (37.3) |
| Age, y | ||
| <30 | 10 591 (57.1) | 10 132 (54.6) |
| ≥30 | 7954 (42.9) | 8413 (45.4) |
| Insurance | ||
| PPO | 11 069 (59.7) | 11 281 (60.8) |
| HMO | 2162 (11.7) | 2024 (10.9) |
| POS | 1471 (7.9) | 1468 (7.9) |
| Other | 3843 (20.7) | 3772 (20.3) |
| US region | ||
| Northeast | 4572 (24.7) | 4234 (22.8) |
| Midwest | 3823 (20.6) | 3810 (20.5) |
| South | 6307 (34.0) | 6874 (37.1) |
| West | 3739 (20.2) | 3511 (18.9) |
| Unknown | 104 (0.6) | 116 (0.6) |
| Insurance coverage | ||
| Primary holder | 5705 (30.8) | 6069 (32.7) |
| Spouse | 3659 (19.7) | 3792 (20.4) |
| Dependent | 9181 (49.5) | 8684 (46.8) |
| Modified Elixhauser scorea | ||
| 0 | 7507 (40.5) | 8042 (43.4) |
| 1 | 5856 (31.6) | 5723 (30.9) |
| 2 | 2843 (15.3) | 2681 (14.5) |
| ≥3 | 2339 (12.6) | 2117 (11.4) |
| Retail pharmacy naloxone prescriptionb | ||
| Yes | 331 (1.8) | 344 (1.9) |
| No | 18 214 (98.2) | 18 201 (98.1) |
| Concurrent substance use at initiationc | ||
| Alcohold | 3190 (17.2) | 3143 (16.9) |
| Amphetamines | 638 (3.4) | 737 (4.0) |
| Marijuana | 1666 (9.0) | 1679 (9.1) |
| Cocaine | 871 (4.7) | 945 (5.1) |
| Hallucinogens | 59 (0.3) | 72 (0.4) |
| Sedatives | 1669 (9.0) | 2069 (11.2) |
| ≥1 Overdose before initiationc | ||
| Yes | 355 (1.9) | 338 (1.8) |
| No | 18 190 (98.1) | 18 207 (98.2) |
Abbreviations: HMO, health maintenance organization; POS, point of service; PPO, preferred provider organization.
a
The Elixhauser score was modified to exclude drug and alcohol use because those are included separately.
b
Any time in the 90 days before treatment initiation.
c
Diagnosis code in the 90 days before first initiation.
d
Oral naltrexone initiations were excluded when alcohol use disorder was present within 90 days prior.