Table 2. Study Sample Characteristics by Group and by Site.
| Variables | Overall | Los Angeles, CA | Rochester, NY | West Palm Beach, FL | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCS (n = 231) | P2P (n = 217) | P value | SCS (n = 40) | P2P (n = 35) | P value | SCS (n = 100) | P2P (n = 96) | P value | SCS (n = 91) | P2P (n = 86) | P value | |
| Demographic variables, participants, No. (%) | ||||||||||||
| Site | ||||||||||||
| Los Angeles | 91 (39.4) | 86 (39.6) | 40 (100.0) | 35 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Rochester | 100 (43.3) | 96 (44.2) | 0 | 0 | 100 (100.0) | 96 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | ||||
| West Palm Beach | 40 (17.3) | 35 (16.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 91 (100.0) | 86 (100.0) | ||||
| Female | 183 (79.2) | 180 (82.9) | .38 | 27 (67.5) | 25 (71.4) | .91 | 85 (85.0) | 87 (90.6) | .33 | 71 (78.0) | 68 (79.1) | >.99 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| African American | 24 (10.4) | 23 (10.6) | .81 | 1 (2.5) | 1 (2.9) | .61 | 23 (23.0) | 22 (22.9) | .70 | 0 | 0 | >.99 |
| Asian | 2 (0.9) | 2 (0.9) | 1 (2.5) | 2 (5.7) | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Hispanic | 23 (10.0) | 20 (9.2) | 6 (15.0) | 2 (5.7) | 16 (16.0) | 17 (17.7) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | ||||
| White | 182 (78.8) | 170 (78.3) | 32 (80.0) | 30 (85.7) | 60 (60.0) | 55 (57.3) | 90 (98.9) | 85 (98.8) | ||||
| Other | 0 | 2 (0.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (2.1) | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 79.2 (8.7) | 80.5 (9.3) | .13 | 77.4 (8.3) | 81.0 (8.9) | .08 | 76.1 (8.0) | 76.8 (8.7) | .57 | 83.3 (7.9) | 84.4 (8.6) | .40 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Never married | 18 (7.9) | 24 (10.9) | .04 | 8 (20.5) | 4 (11.4) | .09 | 8 (8.1) | 13 (13.1) | .56 | 2 (2.2) | 7 (8.0) | .005 |
| Married | 51 (22.3) | 22 (10.0) | 7 (17.9) | 1 (2.9) | 17 (17.2) | 12 (12.1) | 27 (29.7) | 9 (10.3) | ||||
| Widowed | 100 (43.7) | 112 (50.7) | 12 (30.8) | 17 (48.6) | 42 (42.4) | 40 (40.4) | 46 (50.5) | 55 (63.2) | ||||
| Divorced or separated | 60 (26.2) | 63 (28.5) | 12 (30.8) | 13 (37.1) | 32 (32.3) | 34 (34.3) | 16 (17.6) | 16 (18.4) | ||||
| Lives alone | 162 (69.8) | 177 (79.7) | .02 | 30 (76.9) | 25 (71.4) | .78 | 70 (68.6) | 77 (77.0) | .24 | 62 (68.1) | 75 (86.2) | .007 |
| Total household income, $ | ||||||||||||
| <10 000 | 20 (11.7) | 35 (21.3) | <.001 | 7 (21.2) | 5 (16.7) | .11 | 12 (13.0) | 22 (24.2) | .02 | 1 (2.2) | 8 (18.6) | .008 |
| 10 000-14 999 | 50 (29.2) | 61 (37.2) | 10 (30.3) | 18 (60.0) | 32 (34.8) | 34 (37.4) | 8 (17.4) | 9 (20.9) | ||||
| 15 000-24 999 | 47 (27.5) | 48 (29.3) | 12 (36.4) | 6 (20.0) | 24 (26.1) | 26 (28.6) | 11 (23.9) | 16 (37.2) | ||||
| 25 000-49 999 | 44 (25.7) | 15 (9.1) | 4 (12.1) | 1 (3.3) | 21 (22.8) | 6 (6.6) | 19 (41.3) | 8 (18.6) | ||||
| ≥50 000 | 10 (5.8) | 5 (3.0) | 0 | 0 | 3 (3.3) | 3 (3.3) | 7 (15.2) | 2 (4.7) | ||||
| Years of schooling | 13.5 (3.2) | 13.1 (3.5) | .21 | 13.4 (4.1) | 13.6 (3.3) | .76 | 13.3 (3.5) | 12.7 (3.8) | .27 | 13.8 (2.2) | 13.3 (3.3) | .27 |
| Spanish language preference | 7 (3.9) | 12 (6.2) | .42 | 3 (7.5) | 1 (2.9) | .71 | 4 (4.3) | 11 (13.8) | .05 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Health, loneliness, self-efficacy, resilience, and social support measures at baseline | ||||||||||||
| Health status and quality of life score, mean (SD) | ||||||||||||
| Mental health | 52.2 (12.7) | 49.3 (13.3) | .02 | 46.5 (14.0) | 49.8 (14.2) | .33 | 54.3 (12.0) | 51.0 (11.7) | .05 | 52.3 (12.2) | 47.0 (14.5) | .01 |
| Physical health | 41.3 (12.7) | 36.1 (13.0) | <.001 | 39.9 (13.7) | 31.1 (11.9) | .004 | 39.3 (12.6) | 38.4 (13.2) | .63 | 44.0 (11.9) | 35.5 (12.8) | <.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | 3.6 (1.8) | 3.9 (1.9) | .07 | 3.8 (2.0) | 3.9 (1.5) | .88 | 3.6 (1.7) | 4.0 (1.9) | .15 | 3.5 (1.7) | 3.9 (2.0) | .20 |
| Anxiety symptoms | 1.4 (1.7) | 1.8 (1.8) | .02 | 1.9 (1.8) | 1.9 (1.9) | .92 | 1.4 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.7) | .29 | 1.2 (1.6) | 1.9 (1.9) | .01 |
| Loneliness | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.7 (0.7) | <.001 | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.7) | .87 | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.6) | .83 | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.7) | <.001 |
| Self-efficacy | 3.4 (0.5) | 3.2 (0.6) | <.001 | 3.4 (0.5) | 3.2 (0.6) | .17 | 3.4 (0.5) | 3.2 (0.6) | .12 | 3.5 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.7) | <.001 |
| Resilience | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.4 (0.8) | .08 | 3.2 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.0) | .30 | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.8) | .20 | 3.7 (0.8) | 3.4 (0.8) | .01 |
| Social support | 3.7 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.0) | .23 | 2.9 (1.3) | 3.5 (1.0) | .03 | 3.8 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.0) | .17 | 3.9 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.0) | .03 |
| Self-reported disability | ||||||||||||
| ADLs, median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-1.0) | <.001 | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-1.0) | .05 | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-1.0) | .10 | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-1.0) | .01 |
| Instrumental ADLs, median (IQR) | 8.0 (7.0-8.0) | 7.0 (5.0-8.0) | <.001 | 8.0 (7.0-8.0) | 6.0 (5.0-7.0) | <.001 | 7.0 (6.0-8.0) | 7.0 (6.0-7.0) | .006 | 8.0 (8.0-8.0) | 7.0 (6.0-8.0) | <.001 |
| Mobility/strength, mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.0) | <.001 | 1.2 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.8) | <.001 | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.1) | .21 | 1.3 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.0) | <.001 |
| Physical function, mean (SD) | 2.3 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.4) | <.001 | 2.5 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.4) | .07 | 2.6 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.5) | .07 | 1.9 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.4) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ADLs, activities of daily living; IQR, interquartile range; P2P, peer-to-peer per group; SCS, standard community services.