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. 2020 Jul 8;127(6):1095–1117. doi: 10.1177/0031512520938911

Table 2.

Mean, Standard Deviation Values and Percentage and Total Frequency of Verbalizations for Primary and Secondary Stressors.


Threat condition

Challenge condition
Themes Mean SD Total (%) Mean SD Total (%)
Emotion-focused coping 8.70 7.24 87 (21.9%) 7.7 3.62 77 (24.4%)
Emotional release 2.70 2.26 27 (6.8%) 1.30 1.06 13 (4.1%)
Positive self-talk 4.00 2.83 40 (10.1%) 5.60 3.47 56 (17.8%)
Relaxation 2.00 4.00 20 (5.0%) 0.80 0.63 8 (2.5%)
Problem-focused coping 14.6 6.77 146 (36.8%) 18.3 5.19 166 (52.5%)
Concentration 2.10 2.38 21 (5.3%) 3.20 2.04 32 (10.1%)
Increasing effort 2.70 2.21 27 (6.8%) 4.50 3.21 45 (14.2%)
Planning 5.30 2.75 53 (13.4%) 4.20 2.62 42 (13.3%)
Technical instruction 4.50 2.42 45 (11.3%) 4.70 2.91 47 (14.9%)
Stressors 12.20 4.83 123 (31.0%) 4.40 2.63 44 (13.9%)
External 4.10 3.21 41 (10.3%) 1.70 1.50 17 (5.4%)
Performance 5.80 2.90 58 (14.6%) 2.30 2.00 23 (7.3%)
Pressure 2.40 1.17 24 (6.1%) 0.40 0.97 4 (1.2%)
Information gathering 4.10 2.77 41 (10.3%) 2.90 1.60 29 (9.2%)
Total verbalizations 39.7 11.60 397 (100%) 31.6 8.72 316 (100%)

Bold text represents the overarching primary themes of coping and stressors.