Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample.
| Total Sample (N = 814) |
Сhild Has a Diagnosis of Any Mental or Behavioral Disorder (N = 99) |
Сhild Has No Diagnosis of Mental or Behavioral Disorder (N = 715) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/N | SD/% | Range | Mean/N | SD/% | Range | Mean/N | SD/% | Range | P | |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||
| Sex (Boys) | 432 | 53.1 | 72 | 72.7 | 360 | 50.3 | <0.001 | |||
| Age at Follow-Up (until December 31, 2016) (Years) | 8.46 | 0.77 | 7.06–10.66 | 8.43 | 0.77 | 7.09–10.53 | 8.46 | 0.77 | 7.06–10.66 | 0.73 |
| Polyepigenetic GC Exposure Score | −1.13 | 0.21 | −1.78–−0.49 | −1.14 | 0.19 | −1.72–−0.75 | −1.13 | 0.21 | −1.78–−0.49 | 0.59 |
| Gestational Age (weeks) | 39.77 | 1.60 | 31.00–42.71 | 39.80 | 1.66 | 31.57–42.14 | 39.76 | 1.59 | 31.00–42.71 | 0.84 |
| Inpatient Treatment for Any Mental or Behavioral Disorder (yes) | 8 | 1.0 | 8 | 8.1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Outpatient Treatment for Any Mental or Behavioral Disorder (yes) | 99 | 100 | 99 | 100 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Number of Days the Child Has Been in In- or Outpatient Treatment for Any Mental or Behavioral Disorder as the Primary Diagnosis (days) | 1.77 | 8.89 | 0.00–108.00 | 14.57 | 21.63 | 1.00–108.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Inpatient | 0.07 | 0.96 | 0.00–18.00 | 0.60 | 2.69 | 0.00–18.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Outpatient | 1.70 | 8.76 | 0.00–108.00 | 13.97 | 21.52 | 1.00–108.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Total Behavior Problems | 24.93 | 15.67 | 0.00–91.00 | 33.44 | 20.16 | 4.00–91.00 | 23.87 | 14.72 | 0.00–88.00 | p < 0.001 |
| Maternal Characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age at Delivery (years) | 33.29 | 5.78 | 17.17–47.39 | 32.90 | 5.83 | 19.47–44.56 | 33.34 | 5.78 | 17.17–47.39 | 0.48 |
| Education | 0.002 | |||||||||
| Primary/Secondary | 358 | 45.3 | 59 | 60.2 | 299 | 43.2 | ||||
| Tertiary | 432 | 54.7 | 39 | 39.8 | 393 | 56.8 | ||||
| Smoking during Pregnancy (yes) | 34 | 4.2 | 5 | 5.1 | 29 | 4.0 | 0.64 | |||
| Hypertension Disorder During Pregnancy (yes) | 276 | 33.9 | 41 | 41.4 | 235 | 32.8 | 0.092 | |||
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (yes) | 182 | 22.4 | 27 | 27.6 | 155 | 21.7 | 0.20 | |||
| Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (yes) | 11 | 1.4 | 3 | 3.1 | 8 | 1.1 | 0.12 | |||
| Pre-Pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 27.27 | 6.78 | 17.30–55.00 | 28.63 | 6.46 | 17.51–49.82 | 27.24 | 6.40 | 17.30–55.00 | 0.044 |
| Lifetime Diagnosis of Any Mental Disorder (yes) | 130 | 16.0 | 27 | 27.3 | 103 | 14.4 | 0.001 | |||
| Antenatal Mean Score of Depressive Symptoms (CES-D) | 11.32 | 6.47 | 0.50–44.69 | 12.70 | 7.62 | 0.57–44.69 | 11.13 | 6.28 | 0.50–38.64 | 0.055 |
| Antenatal Mean Score of State-Trait Anxiety (STAI) | 33.91 | 7.90 | 20.36–67.76 | 35.97 | 8.70 | 20.43–58.07 | 33.62 | 7.75 | 20.36–67.76 | 0.019 |
P refers to p-values derived from the t-test and Chi-square test when comparing the children with any mental or behavioral disorder diagnosis (N = 99) with the children with no diagnosis for mental or behavioral disorder (N = 715).
For total behavior problems the sample size is n = 408: children with diagnosis, n = 45, children without diagnosis n = 363.
Abbreviations: GC, glucocorticoid; BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale; STAI, Spielberger state anxiety inventory.