Table 3.
Results of the included studies.
| Study | Group Comparison | Results |
|---|---|---|
| Kucio et al. (2017) [19] | NW vs. CG | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg): ↓NW*; =CG BMI (kg/m2): ↓NW*; ↓CG Cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity M24-h SBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG M24-h DBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG M24-h MAP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG M-daily SBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG M-daily DBP (mmHg)#: ↓NW; ↓CG M-daily MAP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG M-nightly SBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG M-nightly DBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG M-nightly MAP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG Time to exhaustion (min): ↑NW*; ↑CG* MET (mL/kg/min): ↑NW*; ↑CG Blood sample and glucose tolerance TC (mg%): ↓NW*; ↓CG LDL (mg%): ↓NW; ↓CG HDL (mg%): ↓NW; ↓CG TG (mg%): ↓NW*; ↑CG |
| Pilch et al. (2017) [20] | NW | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg): ↓NW* BMI (kg/m2): ↓NW* BFM (%): ↓NW* LBM (kg): ↓NW Cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity HRrest (bpm): ↓NW* |
| Derengowska et al. (2015) [21] | NW | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg): ↓NW* BMI (kg/m2): ↓NW* Blood sample and glucose tolerance TC (mg/dL): ↓NW* LDL (mg/dL): ↓NW* HDL (mg/dL): ↑NW* TG (mg/dL): ↓NW* |
| Derengowska et al. (2015) [22] | NW vs. CG | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg): ↓NW*; ↑CG BMI (kg/m2)#: ↓NW*; ↑CG Blood sample and glucose tolerance TC (mg/dL): ↓NW*; ↑CG LDL (mg/dL): ↓NW*,**; ↑CG HDL (mg/dL): ↑NW*,**; ↓CG TG (mg/dL): ↓NW*; ↑CG nHDL (mg/dL): ↓NW*,**; ↑CG Glucose (mg/dL): ↓NW*,**; ↓CG |
| Wiklund et al. (2014) [23] | NW vs. DI | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg)#: ↓NW*; ↓DI* BMI (kg/m2)#: ↓NW; ↓DI* BFM (kg)#: ↑NW; ↓DI VFA (cm2): ↓NW; ↓DI* FFM (kg): ↓NW; ↓DI* Cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity VO2max (mL/kg/min): ↑NW; ↑DI Blood sample and glucose tolerance TC (mmol/L): ↑NW; ↑DI LDL (mmol/L): ↑NW; ↑DI HDL (mmol/L): ↑NW; =DI TG (mmol/L): =NW; =DI Insulin (μU/L): ↓NW*; ↓DI Fasting glucose (mmol/L): ↓NW*,**; ↑DI HOMA-IR: ↓NW*,**; ↓DI |
| Trabka et al. (2013) [24] | NW vs. DI | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg): ↓NW; ↓DI BMI (kg/m2): ↓NW; ↓DI WC (cm): ↓NW; ↑DI HC (cm): ↓NW; ↑DI WHR: ↑NW; ↓DI Cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity VO2max (mL/kg/min): ↑NW*; ↑DI Blood sample and glucose tolerance TC (mmol/L): ↑NW; ↓DI LDL (mmol/L): ↓NW; =DI* HDL (mmol/L): ↑NW; =DI TG (mmol/L): =NW; =DI |
| Fritz et al. (2013) [25] | NW vs. CG (NGT) | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg): ↓NW*,**; ↓CG BMI (kg/m2): ↓NW*,**; ↓CG WC (cm): ↓NW*,**; ↓CG* Cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity SBP (mmHg): ↑NW; ↓CG DBP (mmHg): ↑NW; ↓CG Blood sample and glucose tolerance TC (mmol/L): =NW; =CG LDL (mmol/L): =NW; ↑CG HDL (mmol/L): =NW**; ↓CG* TG (mmol/L): =NW; =CG Fasting glucose (mmol/L): =NW; ↓CG* HOMA-IR: ↓NW; =CG OGTT 2h (mmol/L): ↓NW; ↑CG HbA1c (%): =NW; =CG HbA1c (mmol/L): =NW; ↑CG |
| NW vs. CG (IGT) | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg): ↓NW; ↓CG BMI (kg/m2): ↓NW; ↓CG WC (cm): ↓NW*; ↓CG* Cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity SBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↑CG DBP (mmHg): ↑NW; ↓CG Blood sample and glucose tolerance TC (mmol/L): ↑NW; ↓CG LDL (mmol/L): ↑NW; ↓CG HDL (mmol/L): =NW; ↓CG TG (mmol/L): ↓NW; ↓CG Fasting glucose (mmol/L): ↓NW; ↓CG HOMA-IR: ↑NW; ↑CG OGTT 2h (mmol/L): ↓NW*; ↓CG HbA1c (%): ↓NW**; ↑CG HbA1c (mmol/L): ↓NW; ↑CG |
|
| NW vs. CG (T2DM) | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg): ↓NW*; ↓CG BMI (kg/m2): ↓NW*; ↓CG WC (cm): ↓NW*; ↓CG Cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity SBP (mmHg): ↑NW; ↓CG DBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG Blood sample and glucose tolerance TC (mmol/L): ↓NW**; ↑CG* LDL (mmol/L): =NW; ↑CG* HDL (mmol/L): =NW; =CG TG (mmol/L)#: ↓NW; ↑CG Fasting glucose (mmol/L): ↓NW; ↓CG* HOMA-IR: ↑NW; ↓CG OGTT 2h (mmol/L): ↓NW*; ↓CG* HbA1c (%): ↓NW*; ↓CG HbA1c (mmol/L): ↓NW*; ↓CG |
|
| Venojärvi et al. (2013) [26] | NW vs. CG | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg): ↓NW**; ↓CG WC (cm): ↓NW; ↓CG BFM (%): ↓NW**; ↓CG FFM (kg): ↑NW; ↓CG Cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity SBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG DBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG 2-km UKK walk test: ↑NW**; ↑CG Blood sample and glucose tolerance TC (mmol/L): ↓NW; ↑CG LDL (mmol/L): ↓NW; ↑CG HDL (mmol/L): =NW; ↑CG TG (mmol/L): ↓NW; ↓CG Glucose (mmol/L): =NW; ↓CG Insulin (μIU/L)#: ↓NW; ↑CG Insulin 2h (μIU/L)#: ↓NW; ↓CG HOMA-IR#: ↓NW; ↑CG OGTT 2h (mmol/L): ↓NW; ↓CG HbA1c (%): =NW; ↑CG |
| Fabre et al. (2011) [27] | NW vs. WT | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg): ↓NW*; ↓WT* BMI (kg/m2): ↓NW; ↓WT BFM (%): ↓NW*; ↓WT* Skin-fold thickness (cm): ↓NW*; ↓WT* Cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity SBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓WT DBP (mmHg): ↓NW*; ↓WT* HR (bpm): ↑NW; ↑WT |
| Gram et al. (2010) [28] | NW vs. CG | Anthropometric parameters and body composition Weight (kg): ↓NW; ↓CG BMI (kg/m2): ↓NW; ↓CG WC (cm): ↓NW; ↑CG HC (cm)#: ↓NW; ↑CG BFM (kg): ↓NW**; ↑CG FFM (kg): ↓NW; ↓CG Cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity SBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG DBP (mmHg): ↓NW; ↓CG VO2max (L/min): ↑NW; ↑CG Blood sample and glucose tolerance TC (mmol/L): ↑NW; ↓CG LDL (mmol/L): =NW; ↓CG HDL (mmol/L): =NW; =CG TG (mmol/L): ↓NW; ↑CG HbA1c (%): ↓NW; ↑CG |
p < 0.05, * intra-group difference; ** between group difference; #: significant difference at baseline; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; =: not change. NW: Nordic Walking; CG: Control Group; DI: Diet Group; NGT: Normal Glucose Tolerance; IGT: Impaired Glucose Tolerance; T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes; WT: Walking Training. T0—baseline; Twn—evaluation after n weeks. BMI—body max index; M-24 h—median 24-h; SBP—systolic blood pressure; DBP—diastolic blood pressure; MAP—mean arterial pressure; M-daily—median daily; M-nightly—median nightly; TC—total cholesterol; LDL—low-density lipoprotein; HDL—high-density lipoprotein; TG—triglycerides; MET—metabolic equivalent; BFM—body fat mass; HRrest—heart rate at rest; nHDL—non-HDL; VFA—visceral fat area; FFM—free fat mass; VO2max—maximal oxygen consumption; HOMA-IR—homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; WC—waist circumference; HC—hip circumference; WHR—waist-hip ratio; OGTT—oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c—glycated hemoglobin.