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. 2020 Dec 16;20:307. doi: 10.1186/s12874-020-01175-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Potential causal relationship between the included covariates. Legend: W = Baseline covariates (ses, sex, study centre, parental asthma history); L1, L2, L3 = time varying confounders at ISAAC II, SOLAR I, SOLAR II (hay fever, overweight, smoking, passive smoking, age); A1, A2 = Treatment at ISAAC II and SOLAR I; Y1, Y2, Y3 = intermediate outcomes and final outcome (asthma symptoms) at ISAAC II, SOLAR I, SOLAR II