Table 2.

Comparison of different joint position sense measures in younger vs. older adults within the target ranges of 15–25, 35–45, and 55–65° of knee joint flexion.

Parameter	Older adults	Younger adults	Older vs. younger adults
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	p	Cohens d
Target range: 15–25° of knee joint flexion
Absolute error	4.36 (2.63)	2.47 (0.90)	0.007	0.96
Relative error	−3.69 (3.05)	−1.92 (1.35)	0.029	0.75
Variable error	2.64 (1.09)	2.05 (0.55)	0.043	0.69
Target range: 35–45° of knee joint flexion
Absolute error	2.81 (1.09)	2.03 (0.59)	0.011	0.89
Relative error	−1.84 (1.38)	−1.08 (1.34)	0.098	0.55
Variable error	2.64 (0.88)	1.78 (0.55)	0.001	1.17
Target range: 55–65° of knee joint flexion
Absolute error	2.30 (0.85)	1.88 (0.70)	0.105	0.54
Relative error	−0.84 (1.42)	−0.12 (1.61)	0.149	0.48
Variable error	2.37 (0.79)	1.75 (0.59)	0.010	0.89