Table 1.
Demographics and psychological status of the participants.
| Variables | Total (n = 245) | Female (n = 97) | Male (n = 148) | Female vs. male p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year (mean ± SD) | 35.9 ± 6.9 | 34.7 ± 6.67 | 36.7 ± 7.1 | 0.032a |
| Height, cm (mean ± SD) | 172.7 ± 8.7 | 164.5 ± 5.65 | 178.1 ± 5.7 | 0.001a |
| Weight, kg (mean ± SD) | 76.9 ± 15.4 | 65.8 ± 12.41 | 84.2 ± 12.7 | 0.001a |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 25.61 ± 3.94 | 24.25 ± 4.15 | 26.51 ± 3.54 | 0.001a |
| Smoker, n (%) | 95 (38.8) | 25 (25.8) | 70 (47.3) | 0.001a |
| Alcohol consumer, n (%) | 85 (34.7) | 23 (23.7) | 62 (41.9) | 0.003a |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 74 (30.2) | 23 (23.7) | 51 (34.5) | 0.073 |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.001a | |||
| Primary school | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.4) | |
| High school | 32 (13.1) | 9 (9.3) | 23 (15.5) | |
| University | 136 (55.5) | 65 (67) | 71 (48) | |
| Post graduate/PhD | 75 (30.6) | 23 (23.7) | 52 (35.1) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | 38 (15.5) | 21 (21.6) | 17 (11.5) | 0.032a |
| Hypertension | 11 (4.5) | 2 (2.1) | 9 (6.1) | 0.137 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 12 (4.9) | 3 (3.1) | 9 (6.1) | 0.289 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 3 (1.2) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (0.7) | 0.564 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | 0.417 |
| Other | 20 (8.2) | 16 (16.5) | 4 (2.7) | 0.001a |
| Medication usage, n (%) | 40 (16.3) | 28 (28.9) | 12 (8.1) | 0.001a |
| Duration of marriage/partnership, n (%) | 0.233 | |||
| ≤1 year | 25 (10.2) | 7 (7.2) | 18 (12.2) | |
| 1–5 years | 74 (30.2) | 32 (33) | 42 (28.4) | |
| 5–10 years | 67 (27.3) | 22 (22.7) | 45 (30.4) | |
| ≥10 years | 79 (32.2) | 36 (37.1) | 43 (29.1) | |
| Negative effect of pandemic on economic status, n (%) | 0.359 | |||
| None | 125 (51) | 50 (51.5) | 75 (50.7) | |
| Mild | 57 (23.3) | 22 (22.7) | 35 (23.6) | |
| Moderate | 48 (19.6) | 22 (22.7) | 26 (17.6) | |
| Severe | 15 (6.1) | 3 (1.2) | 12 (8.1) | |
| GAD-7 score, n (%) | 0.001a | |||
| No anxiety | 70 (28.6) | 15 (15.5) | 55 (37.2) | |
| Mild anxiety | 135 (55.1) | 58 (59.8) | 77 (52) | |
| Moderate anxiety | 32 (13.1) | 19 (19.6) | 13 (8.8) | |
| Severe anxiety | 8 (3.3) | 5 (5.2) | 3 (2) | |
| PHQ-9 score, n (%) | 0.001a | |||
| No depression | 49 (20) | 10 (10.3) | 39 (26.4) | |
| Mild depression | 134 (54.7) | 50 (51.5) | 84 (56.8) | |
| Moderate depression | 39 (15.9) | 24 (24.7) | 15 (10.1) | |
| Moderate to severe depression | 21 (8.6) | 11 (11.3) | 10 (6.8) | |
| Severe depression | 2 (0.8) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0) | |
| PSS score (mean ± SD) | 24.06 ± 7.20 | 26.95 ± 6.80 | 22.16 ± 6.84 | 0.001a |
| GAD-7 score (mean ± SD) | 6.49 ± 3.64 | 7.56 ± 3.74 | 5.8 ± 3.4 | 0.001a |
| PHQ-9 score (mean ± SD) | 7.79 ± 4.32 | 9.17 ± 4.59 | 6.89 ± 3.9 | 0.001a |
GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Score, PHQ-9 score Patient Health Questionnaire score, PSS Perceived Stress Scale score.
aSignificant at 0.05 level. Student’s t test and Mann–Whitney U test for numerical, Chi-square test for categorical data.