Table 4.
Likelihood of Low Bone Mineral Density (BMD; Z Score <−1.0) by Sport-Specialization Status With and Without Adjustment for Gynecological Age
| Model Sport-Specialization Status |
n |
Low BMD, % |
Odds Ratio |
95% Confidence Interval |
P Value |
| Model 1a | |||||
| Lowb | 26 | 19.2 | 1.00 | Reference | |
| Moderatec | 24 | 41.7 | 3.18 | 0.9, 11.8 | .08 |
| Highd | 14 | 57.1 | 5.42f | 1.3, 23.3f | .02f |
| Model 2e | |||||
| Lowb | 26 | 19.2 | 1.00 | Reference | |
| Moderatec | 24 | 41.7 | 2.95 | 0.8, 11.4 | .12 |
| Highd | 14 | 57.1 | 3.77 | 0.8, 17.5 | .09 |
Abbreviations: n, number at risk for low BMD.
Model 1 adjusted for body mass index and gynecological age.
Low: Distance running (cross-country [XC], track and field [TF], both) ≤8 mo/y competitive sport participation or training and 1 or more other sport(s) played.
Moderate: Distance running (XC, TF, both) only ≤8 mo/y competitive sport participation or training or distance running (XC, TF, both) ≥9 mo/y competitive sport participation or training and 1 or more other sport(s) played.
High: Distance running only (XC, TF, both) for >9 mo/y competitive sport participation or training.
Model 2 adjusted for body mass index, gynecological age, and menstrual status.
Boldface indicates statistical significance.