Table 4.

Representative NPs used in X‐PDT

Nanoparticles (NP)	Photosensitizer (PS)	Role of NP in X‐PDT	Radiation conditions	Targeted (yes/no)	In vitro/In vivo	Ref.
Au clustoluminogens (AIE‐Au)	Rose Bengal (RB)	Radiosensitization and energy transfer to PS	50 kV, 70 µA, 1 Gy	Yes: α v β 3 integrin receptor targeting	In vivo	[ 360 ]
Au	Verteporfin (VP)	Prevention of aggregation of PS and radiosensitization	6 MV, 6 Gy	No	In vitro	[ 283 ]
Au@SNs	PPIX	Radiosensitization	6 MV, 2 Gy	No	In vivo	[ 361 ]
BiOI@Bi2S3@BSA (SHNP)	–	Radiosensitization	50 kV, 80 µA, 6 Gy	No	In vivo	[ 202 ]
CLC/SPIO micelles	Ce6	Radiosensitization	6 MV, 2 Gy	Yes: Folic acid targeted	In vivo	[ 362 ]
Cu–Cy	Cu–Cy	Radiosensitization	90 kV, 30 mA	No	In vivo	[ 363 ]
GQDs	PPIX	Radiosensitization and energy transfer to PS	6 MV, 2 Gy	Yes‐Bacteria‐targeted	Other	[ 364 ]
Hf6O4(OH)4(HCO2)6 SBUs	Ir[bpy ppy)2]+ and [Ru(bpy)3]2+	Energy transfer to PS	120 kV, 20 mA	No	In vitro	[ 351 ]
Hf‐DBB‐Ru	DBB‐Ru Ru(bpy)3 2+	Energy transfer to PS	225 kV, 13 mA 1 Gy	Mitochondrial targeting	In vivo	[ 41 ]
(n‐Bu4N)2[Mo6I8(OOC‐1‐adamantane)6]	(n‐Bu4N)2[Mo6I8(OOC‐1‐adamantane)6]	Radiosensitization/energy transfer to PS	40 kV, 15 mA, dose not specified	Nontargeted	In vivo	[ 365 ]
TiO2:C	–	Radiosensitization	80 kV 10 mA 0.08 Gy min−1	Nontargeted	In vitro	[ 366 ]
TiO2:Ce	–	Radiosensitization	80 KV, 10 mA, 0.08 Gy min−1 for 100 s	Nontargeted	In vivo	[ 367 ]
W IV doped ZnGa2O4:Cr	ZnPcS4	Energy transfer to PS	50 kV, 60 µA, 0.18 Gy	Nontargeted	In vivo	[ 368 ]
ZnO	MTCP and CuMTCP	Energy transfer to PS	70 kV, 8 mA, 0.94 Gy for 30 s	Nontargeted	In vitro	[ 369 ]