TABLE 1.
Anti-inflammatory effects of Sal B.
| Animal models/cell types | Stimuli | Concentration of Sal B | Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vivo | ||||
| Depressive (mouse) | CMS | 20 mg/kg (i.p.) | TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, iNOS, IL-6↓ | (Zhang et al., 2017a) |
| Arg-1, TGF-β, IL-4, Ym-1↑ | ||||
| Depressive (rat) | CMS | 20, 40 mg/kg (i.p.) | MDA,IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, NLPR3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1↓ | (Huang et al., 2019) |
| CAT, SOD, GPx↑ | ||||
| Cerebral I/R injury (rat) | MCAO | 30 mg/kg (i.g.) | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α↓ | (Wang et al., 2016) |
| TLR4 signaling pathway (TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, NF-kB)↓ | ||||
| Cerebral I/R injury (rat) | MCAO | 3, 6, 12 mg/kg (i.p.) | ICAM-1IL-1βIL-6IL-8, MCP-1↓ | (Xu et al., 2017) |
| NF-κB signaling pathway↓ | ||||
| Cerebral I/R injury (rat) | MCAO | 25 mg/kg (i.p.) (twice) | TNF-α, IL-1β↓ | (Lv et al., 2015) |
| Cerebral I/R injury (mouse) | MCAO | 10, 20, 40, 60 mg/kg (*) | ROS,IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α↓ | (Fan et al., 2018) |
| Spontaneously hypertensive rats | — | 80 mg/kg (*) | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, MDA↓ | (Wang and Hu, 2018) |
| SOD, CAT and GSH↑ | ||||
| Pulmonary inflammation (mouse) | Bleomycin | 10 mg/kg (i.p.) | IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2↓ | (Liu et al., 2018) |
| Atherosclerosis (ApoE−/− mouse) | High fat diet | 30 mg/kg (i.p.) | IL-6IL-1βTNF-α↓ | (Yang et al., 2020) |
| Cholestatic liver injury (rat) | ANIT | 15, 30 mg/kg (i.p.) | IL-1βIL-6TGF-βTNF-α, COX-2↓ | (Li et al., 2019) |
| NF-κB, p38-MAPK and JNK signaling pathway↓ | ||||
| Chronic ALD (rat) | Ethanol | 15, 30 mg/kg (i.g.) | TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, ChREBP↓ | (Zhang et al., 2017b) |
| NAFLD (rat) | High fat diet | 15, 30 mg/kg (i.g.) | HMGB1, TNF-α, IL-8, pro-IL-1β, IL-1β, TLR4, NF-κB↓ | (Zeng et al., 2015) |
| NASH (rat) | High fat diet | 20 mg/kg (i.g.) | NF-κB, MDA↓ | (Wang et al., 2015) |
| SOD↑ | ||||
| Renal I/R injury (rat) | Nephrectomy | 20, 40 mg/kg (i.p.) | NF-κB p65, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MDA, MPO↓ | (Ma et al., 2017) |
| SOD, GSH, CAT↑ | ||||
| PI3K/Akt signaling pathway↑ | ||||
| IBD (rat) | TNBS | 20, 80 mg/kg (i.g.) | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MPO, NOX4, iNOS, ROS, MDA↓ | (Xiong et al., 2016) |
| GSH SOD↑ | ||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis (rat) | CIA | 20, 40 mg/kg (i.p.) | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α↓ | (Xia et al., 2018) |
| SODCAT, GSH↑ | ||||
| NF-κB signaling pathway↓ | ||||
| Thromboangiitis obliterans (rat) | Injection sodium laurate into the femoral artery | 10, 20, 40 mg/kg (tail i.v.) | TNF-α, iNOS↓ | (Zhang et al., 2020) |
| Asthmatic (mouse) | Ovalbumin | 50 mg/kg (i.g.) | IL-13, IL-4, IL-5, MUC5AC, MUC5B↓ | (Guan et al., 2018) |
| Erk1/2 and P38 signaling pathways↓ | ||||
| In vitro | ||||
| Primary microglia cells | LPS | 40 µM | INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, IL-1β↓ | (Zhang et al., 2017a) |
| IL-4, IL -10, Arg-1, IL-13↑ | ||||
| Platelet | Collagen I | 25, 50, 100 µM | HSP70↑ | (Ma et al., 2011) |
| Ca2+, ROS↓ | ||||
| Primary cortical neurons cells and PC12 cells | OGD/R | 200, 400,800 ng/ml | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α↓ | (Wang et al., 2016) |
| TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway (TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, NFkB)↓ | ||||
| Human umbilical vein endothelial cell line EA.hy926 | H2O2 | 50 μg/ml | IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2↓ | (Liu et al., 2018) |
| MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways↓ | ||||
| Human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 | LPS | 20 μg/ml | IL-1β, TNF-α↓ | (Jiang et al., 2020) |
| Human umbilical vein endothelial cell line EA.hy926 | Co-culture with ADP-activated platelets | 300 and 600 μg/ml | ICAM-1IL-1βIL-6IL-8MCP-1↓ | (Xu et al., 2015) |
| Human aortic smooth muscle cells | LPS | 10 μM | COX-2, ICAM-1↓ | (Chen et al., 2006) |
| Inhibit ERK and JNK signaling pathways | ||||
| HepG2 | Palmitic acid | 8 μM | HMGB1, TNF-α, IL-8, pro-IL-1β, IL-1β, TLR4, NF-κB↓ | (Zeng et al., 2015) |
| Human primary chondrocytes | IL-1β | 25, 50, 100 μM | NO, iNOS, COX2↓ | (Lou et al., 2017) |
| NF-κB signaling pathway↓ | ||||
| Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells | Ox-LDL | 10, 50, 100 μM | IL-12IL-10TNF-α↓ | (Sun et al., 2011) |
| TLR4/p38-MAPK signaling pathway↓ | ||||
*, Unknown; CMS, chronic mild stress; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; OGD/R, oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation; TNBS, 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease; CIA, collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis; ADP, adenosine Diphosphate; i.p., intraperitoneally; i.g., intragastrically; i.v., intravenous injection.