Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of 4,297 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 by exposure to prophylactic dose of anticoagulation (AC) within 24 hours of admission, before and after weighting
| Unweighted | IPT-weighted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No AC | AC | SMD | No AC | AC | SMD | |
| Sample size, n | 670 | 3627 | - | 4273 | 4303 | - |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 69.0 (58.076.5) | 68.1 (58.274.8) | 0.04 | 69.4 (59.776.5) | 68.3 (58.275.0) | 0.04 |
| 20–49 | 89 (13.3) | 446 (12.3) | 0.03 | 476 (11.2) | 530 (12.3) | 0.04 |
| 50–59 | 105 (15.7) | 619 (17.1) | 0.04 | 625 (14.6) | 724 (16.8) | 0.06 |
| 60–69 | 161 (24.0) | 951 (26.2) | 0.05 | 1106 (25.9) | 1114 (25.9) | 0.00 |
| 70–79 | 188 (28.1) | 1056 (29.1) | 0.02 | 1302 (30.5) | 1249 (29.0) | 0.03 |
| ≥80 | 127 (19.0) | 555 (15.3) | 0.10 | 764 (17.9) | 685 (15.9) | 0.05 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 256 (38.2) | 1347 (37.1) | 0.02 | 1660 (38.9) | 1608 (37.4) | 0.03 |
| Black | 291 (43.4) | 1649 (45.5) | 0.04 | 1877 (43.9) | 1944 (45.2) | 0.03 |
| Hispanic | 74 (11.0) | 432 (11.9) | 0.03 | 475 (11.1) | 503 (11.7) | 0.02 |
| Other | 22 (3.3) | 102 (2.8) | 0.03 | 152 (3.6) | 126 (2.9) | 0.04 |
| Unknown | 27 (4.0) | 97 (2.7) | 0.08 | 109 (2.6) | 122 (2.8) | 0.02 |
| Male sex | 620 (92.5) | 3395 (93.6) | 0.04 | 4029 (94.3) | 4020 (93.4) | 0.04 |
| Urban residence | 587 (87.6) | 3181 (87.7) | 0.00 | 3823 (89.5) | 3777 (87.8) | 0.05 |
| Census region | ||||||
| Midwest | 79 (11.8) | 724 (20.0) | 0.22 | 685 (16.0) | 799 (18.6) | 0.07 |
| Northeast | 139 (20.7) | 622 (17.1) | 0.09 | 863 (20.2) | 764 (17.8) | 0.06 |
| South | 314 (46.9) | 1703 (47.0) | 0.00 | 1992 (46.6) | 2019 (46.9) | 0.01 |
| West | 138 (20.6) | 578 (15.9) | 0.12 | 733 (17.2) | 720 (16.7) | 0.01 |
| Month of admission | ||||||
| March | 116 (17.3) | 518 (14.3) | 0.08 | 645 (15.1) | 631 (14.7) | 0.01 |
| April | 169 (25.2) | 868 (23.9) | 0.03 | 981 (22.9) | 1041 (24.2) | 0.03 |
| May | 70 (10.4) | 429 (11.8) | 0.04 | 552 (12.9) | 499 (11.6) | 0.04 |
| June | 110 (16.4) | 616 (17.0) | 0.02 | 721 (16.9) | 727 (16.9) | 0.00 |
| July | 205 (30.6) | 1196 (33.0) | 0.05 | 1375 (32.2) | 1404 (32.6) | 0.01 |
| Clinical conditions | ||||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 11 (1.6) | 66 (1.8) | 0.01 | 90 (2.1) | 79 (1.8) | 0.02 |
| Asthma | 33 (4.9) | 176 (4.9) | 0.00 | 234 (5.5) | 210 (4.9) | 0.03 |
| Cancer, any | 97 (14.5) | 494 (13.6) | 0.02 | 635 (14.9) | 595 (13.8) | 0.03 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 85 (12.7) | 369 (10.2) | 0.08 | 446 (10.4) | 458 (10.7) | 0.01 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 136 (20.3) | 694 (19.1) | 0.03 | 870 (20.4) | 840 (19.5) | 0.02 |
| COPD | 105 (15.7) | 544 (15.0) | 0.02 | 716 (16.8) | 655 (15.2) | 0.04 |
| Coronary artery disease | 25 (3.7) | 90 (2.5) | 0.07 | 129 (3.0) | 118 (2.7) | 0.02 |
| Dementia | 104 (15.5) | 378 (10.4) | 0.15 | 520 (12.2) | 486 (11.3) | 0.03 |
| Diabetes | 269 (40.1) | 1573 (43.4) | 0.07 | 1714 (40.1) | 1845 (42.9) | 0.06 |
| Heart failure | 77 (11.5) | 375 (10.3) | 0.04 | 529 (12.4) | 463 (10.8) | 0.05 |
| Hypertension | 446 (66.6) | 2470 (68.1) | 0.03 | 2754 (64.5) | 2918 (67.8) | 0.07 |
| Liver disease | 71 (10.6) | 322 (8.9) | 0.06 | 417 (9.8) | 397 (9.2) | 0.02 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 70 (10.4) | 387 (10.7) | 0.01 | 471 (11.0) | 458 (10.6) | 0.01 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||||
| 0 | 130 (19.4) | 765 (21.1) | 0.04 | 807 (18.9) | 898 (20.9) | 0.05 |
| 1 | 110 (16.4) | 723 (19.9) | 0.09 | 775 (18.1) | 845 (19.6) | 0.04 |
| 2 | 119 (17.8) | 657 (18.1) | 0.01 | 805 (18.8) | 767 (17.8) | 0.03 |
| 3 | 74 (11.0) | 394 (10.9) | 0.01 | 502 (11.8) | 468 (10.9) | 0.03 |
| 4 | 69 (10.3) | 324 (8.9) | 0.05 | 434 (10.2) | 386 (9.0) | 0.04 |
| ≥5 | 168 (25.1) | 764 (21.1) | 0.10 | 950 (22.2) | 938 (21.8) | 0.01 |
| Medication history | ||||||
| ACE inhibitor | 119 (17.8) | 807 (22.2) | 0.11 | 843 (19.7) | 924 (21.5) | 0.04 |
| ARB | 78 (11.6) | 481 (13.3) | 0.05 | 520 (12.2) | 565 (13.1) | 0.03 |
| NSAID | 144 (21.5) | 731 (20.2) | 0.03 | 814 (19.1) | 874 (20.3) | 0.03 |
| Oral corticosteroid | 156 (23.3) | 875 (24.1) | 0.02 | 1026 (24.0) | 1031 (24.0) | 0.00 |
| In-hospital treatments | ||||||
| Dexamethasone | ||||||
| Within 24 hours | 74 (11.0) | 588 (16.2) | 0.15 | 616 (14.4) | 662 (15.4) | 0.03 |
| After 24 hours | 115 (17.2) | 892 (24.6) | 0.18 | 923 (21.6) | 1014 (23.6) | 0.05 |
| Remdesivir | ||||||
| Within 24 hours | 35 (5.2) | 437 (12.0) | 0.24 | 408 (9.5) | 471 (10.9) | 0.05 |
| After 24 hours | 89 (13.3) | 791 (21.8) | 0.23 | 681 (15.9) | 891 (20.7) | 0.12 |
| Substance use | ||||||
| Alcohol consumption/disorder | ||||||
| Abstinent | 51 (7.6) | 300 (8.3) | 0.02 | 355 (8.3) | 353 (8.2) | 0.00 |
| Low-risk consumption | 360 (53.7) | 1831 (50.5) | 0.07 | 2113 (49.4) | 2192 (50.9) | 0.03 |
| At-risk consumption | 148 (22.1) | 965 (26.6) | 0.11 | 1145 (26.8) | 1111 (25.8) | 0.02 |
| Hazardous consumption | 28 (4.2) | 161 (4.4) | 0.01 | 157 (3.7) | 187 (4.4) | 0.03 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 3 (0.4) | 19 (0.5) | 0.01 | 21 (0.5) | 22 (0.5) | 0.00 |
| Missing | 80 (11.9) | 351 (9.7) | 0.07 | 482 (11.3) | 436 (10.1) | 0.04 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 17 (2.5) | 63 (1.7) | 0.06 | 84 (2.0) | 82 (1.9) | 0.00 |
| Former | 258 (38.5) | 1431 (39.5) | 0.02 | 1502 (35.1) | 1681 (39.1) | 0.08 |
| Current | 225 (33.6) | 1355 (37.4) | 0.08 | 1805 (42.3) | 1583 (36.8) | 0.11 |
| Missing | 170 (25.4) | 778 (21.5) | 0.09 | 882 (20.6) | 956 (22.2) | 0.04 |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||
| <26 | 206 (30.7) | 938 (25.9) | 0.11 | 1257 (29.4) | 1150 (26.7) | 0.06 |
| 26–32 | 258 (38.5) | 1436 (39.6) | 0.02 | 1876 (43.9) | 1705 (39.6) | 0.09 |
| ≥33 | 169 (25.2) | 1113 (30.7) | 0.12 | 986 (23.1) | 1271 (29.5) | 0.15 |
| Missing | 37 (5.5) | 140 (3.9) | 0.08 | 155 (3.6) | 177 (4.1) | 0.03 |
| Oxygen saturation, % | ||||||
| <93 | 72 (10.7) | 582 (16.0) | 0.16 | 628 (14.7) | 656 (15.2) | 0.02 |
| 93–96 | 182 (27.2) | 1147 (31.6) | 0.10 | 1336 (31.3) | 1328 (30.9) | 0.01 |
| ≥96 | 396 (59.1) | 1775 (48.9) | 0.21 | 2150 (50.3) | 2177 (50.6) | 0.01 |
| Missing | 20 (3.0) | 123 (3.4) | 0.02 | 160 (3.7) | 142 (3.3) | 0.02 |
| Pulse, beats/min | ||||||
| <90 | 438 (65.4) | 2200 (60.7) | 0.10 | 2649 (62.0) | 2649 (61.6) | 0.01 |
| ≥90 | 232 (34.6) | 1427 (39.3) | 0.10 | 1624 (38.0) | 1653 (38.4) | 0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||
| <140 | 446 (66.6) | 2360 (65.1) | 0.03 | 2688 (62.9) | 2804 (65.2) | 0.05 |
| ≥140 | 224 (33.4) | 1267 (34.9) | 0.03 | 1585 (37.1) | 1499 (34.8) | 0.05 |
| Temperature, °F | ||||||
| ≤98.6 | 356 (53.1) | 1701 (46.9) | 0.12 | 2085 (48.8) | 2061 (47.9) | 0.02 |
| 98.6–100.3 | 244 (36.4) | 1292 (35.6) | 0.02 | 1471 (34.4) | 1538 (35.8) | 0.03 |
| ≥100.4 | 70 (10.4) | 634 (17.5) | 0.20 | 717 (16.8) | 703 (16.3) | 0.01 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||||
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | ||||||
| ≤30 | 297 (44.3) | 1722 (47.5) | 0.06 | 2157 (50.5) | 2024 (47.0) | 0.07 |
| >30 | 241 (36.0) | 1456 (40.1) | 0.09 | 1498 (35.1) | 1690 (39.3) | 0.09 |
| Missing | 132 (19.7) | 449 (12.4) | 0.20 | 618 (14.5) | 588 (13.7) | 0.02 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | ||||||
| ≤30 | 225 (33.6) | 1171 (32.3) | 0.03 | 1432 (33.5) | 1400 (32.5) | 0.02 |
| >30 | 301 (44.9) | 1949 (53.7) | 0.18 | 2108 (49.3) | 2244 (52.1) | 0.06 |
| Missing | 144 (21.5) | 507 (14.0) | 0.20 | 733 (17.2) | 659 (15.3) | 0.05 |
| eGFR, mL/min | ||||||
| ≥60 | 354 (52.8) | 2034 (56.1) | 0.07 | 2324 (54.4) | 2388 (55.5) | 0.02 |
| 30–59 | 159 (23.7) | 957 (26.4) | 0.06 | 1108 (25.9) | 1115 (25.9) | 0.00 |
| <30 | 82 (12.2) | 418 (11.5) | 0.02 | 547 (12.8) | 503 (11.7) | 0.03 |
| Missing | 75 (11.2) | 218 (6.0) | 0.19 | 294 (6.9) | 297 (6.9) | 0.00 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | ||||||
| ≤170 | 486 (72.5) | 2766 (76.3) | 0.09 | 3264 (76.4) | 3250 (75.5) | 0.02 |
| >170 | 135 (20.1) | 759 (20.9) | 0.02 | 850 (19.9) | 897 (20.8) | 0.02 |
| Missing | 49 (7.3) | 102 (2.8) | 0.21 | 159 (3.7) | 156 (3.6) | 0.00 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | ||||||
| ≤14 | 387 (57.8) | 2151 (59.3) | 0.03 | 2490 (58.3) | 2546 (59.2) | 0.02 |
| >14 | 231 (34.5) | 1353 (37.3) | 0.06 | 1621 (37.9) | 1581 (36.7) | 0.02 |
| Missing | 52 (7.8) | 123 (3.4) | 0.19 | 162 (3.8) | 175 (4.1) | 0.02 |
| Platelet count, K/μL | ||||||
| ≤230 | 421 (62.8) | 2433 (67.1) | 0.09 | 2939 (68.8) | 2855 (66.3) | 0.05 |
| >230 | 195 (29.1) | 1097 (30.2) | 0.02 | 1186 (27.7) | 1292 (30.0) | 0.05 |
| Missing | 54 (8.1) | 97 (2.7) | 0.24 | 149 (3.5) | 156 (3.6) | 0.01 |
| White blood cell count, K/μL | ||||||
| ≤6 | 299 (44.6) | 1747 (48.2) | 0.07 | 2071 (48.5) | 2047 (47.6) | 0.02 |
| >6 | 319 (47.6) | 1786 (49.2) | 0.03 | 2058 (48.2) | 2105 (48.9) | 0.02 |
| Missing | 52 (7.8) | 94 (2.6) | 0.24 | 144 (3.4) | 152 (3.5) | 0.01 |
| Lymphocyte count, K/μL | ||||||
| ≤0.6 | 100 (14.9) | 600 (16.5) | 0.04 | 705 (16.5) | 702 (16.3) | 0.01 |
| >0.6 | 431 (64.3) | 2523 (69.6) | 0.11 | 2851 (66.7) | 2951 (68.6) | 0.04 |
| Missing | 139 (20.7) | 504 (13.9) | 0.18 | 717 (16.8) | 650 (15.1) | 0.05 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||||
| ≤130 | 152 (22.7) | 678 (18.7) | 0.10 | 794 (18.6) | 826 (19.2) | 0.02 |
| >130 | 415 (61.9) | 2444 (67.4) | 0.11 | 2815 (65.9) | 2864 (66.6) | 0.01 |
| Missing | 103 (15.4) | 505 (13.9) | 0.04 | 665 (15.6) | 613 (14.2) | 0.04 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||||
| <38 | 180 (26.9) | 917 (25.3) | 0.04 | 1099 (25.7) | 1093 (25.4) | 0.01 |
| 38–49 | 202 (30.1) | 1213 (33.4) | 0.07 | 1434 (33.6) | 1418 (33.0) | 0.01 |
| ≥50 | 181 (27.0) | 988 (27.2) | 0.01 | 1067 (25.0) | 1171 (27.2) | 0.05 |
| Missing | 107 (16.0) | 509 (14.0) | 0.05 | 672 (15.7) | 621 (14.4) | 0.04 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||||
| <30 | 58 (8.7) | 310 (8.5) | 0.00 | 350 (8.2) | 366 (8.5) | 0.01 |
| 60–89 | 133 (19.9) | 628 (17.3) | 0.07 | 723 (16.9) | 768 (17.9) | 0.02 |
| ≥90 | 370 (55.2) | 2165 (59.7) | 0.09 | 2514 (58.8) | 2531 (58.8) | 0.00 |
| Missing | 109 (16.3) | 524 (14.4) | 0.05 | 686 (16.1) | 638 (14.8) | 0.03 |
Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; IPT, inverse probability of treatment; SMD, absolute value of the standardized mean difference; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein
Note: Reported as n(%) unless otherwise specified