Table 1. Definition of the intended operant conditioning procedures used to classify the dog training schools according to their training methods.

Procedure	Definition
Positive punishment	Any (presumably) unpleasant stimulus that was applied to the dog after the exhibition of an undesirable behavior. These included leash jerks (with either choke or pinch collars), shock delivery through e-collars, slapping the dog, yelling at the dog and leaning towards the dog in a threatening way.
Negative reinforcement	Any (presumably) unpleasant stimulus that was applied to the dog and that was stopped only after the dog exhibited the desired behavior. These included pulling the collar upward and releasing the pressure only when the dog sat, pulling the collar downward and releasing the pressure only when the dog laid down, and hanging the dog by the choke collar until he or she calmed down.
Positive reinforcement	Any (presumably) pleasant stimulus that was applied to the dog after the exhibition of a desirable behavior. These included food treats, playing tug-of-war, verbal praise, and petting the dog.
Negative punishment	Any (presumably) pleasant stimulus that was removed after the exhibition of an undesirable behavior. These involved turning the back to the dog as soon as they jumped or started to mouth, and stopping to walk if the dog was pulling on the leash.