Table 4. Variables obtained from the questionnaire (dog demographics and background, and owner demographics and experience with dogs and dog training).

Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare the three Groups (Aversive, Mixed, Reward).

		Group
Variable	Statistical results	Aversive (n)	Mixed (n)	Reward (n)
Dog demographics
Breed (FCI)	F = 25.3, p = 0.008*
Mixed breed		4	7	20
Sheepdogs and Cattledogs		7	6	4
Pinscher and Schnauzer		7	4	1
Terriers		1	2	2
Dachshunds		-	-	-
Spitz and primitive types		-	-	-
Scent hounds and related breeds		1	-	3
Pointing dogs		2	-	-
Retrievers, Flushing Dogs and Water Dogs		5	2	11
Companion and Toy Dogs		1	1	1
Age	F = 13.9, p = 0.013*
younger than 6 months		1	-	7
6–11 months		10	14	25
1–3 years		15	8	9
4–7 years		2	-	-
older than 7 years		0	-	0
Sex	F = 2.7, ns
Neuter status	F = 0.1, ns
Dog background
Dog origin	F = 16.8, ns
Age of dog when separated from the mother	F = 20.8, p = 0.001*
less than 1 month		1	-	-
1–1.5 months (inclusive)		1	1	9
1.5–2 months (inclusive)		13	5	11
2–2.5 months (inclusive)		4	7	6
2.5–3 months (inclusive)		5	2	2
3–4 months (inclusive)		-	4	-
4–5 months (inclusive)		1	-	-
more than 5 months		-	-	-
don’t know		3	3	14
Other animals at home	F = 0.2, ns
Age of dog when adopted	F = 20.7, ns
Age of dog when first taken out	F = 17.0, ns
Frequency of walks during the first 5 months of life	F = 22.7, ns
Owner demographics
Gender	F = 8.5, p = 0.013*
Male		15	13	11
Female		13	9	31
Children	F = 6.2, p = 0.044*
Yes		15	5	12
No		13	17	30
Age	F = 5.3, ns
Family household size	F = 5.2, ns
Owner experience with dogs and dog training
Searched for information before choosing current school	F = 19.9, p = 0.005*
Yes, by visiting dog training schools		3	1	1
Yes, on the different training methods		3	5	13
No, already knew the present school		6	3	2
No, followed third party recommendation		8	12	24
No, the present school was the closest		8	1	2
Other		-	-	-
Owned other dog	F = 4.8, ns
Training classes with other dog	F = 0.2, ns

*significant differences at α = 0.05.