TABLE 2.
Annual Characteristics for ZIP Codes Included in the Analysis (Year 2006–2012)
| Variable | Median (IQRW) per ZIP code |
|---|---|
| Medicare enrollees (n) | 414 (1,240) |
| Health outcome | |
| ARDS incidence (n) | 1 (4); maximum 90 |
| ARDS with sepsis (n) | 0 (2); maximum 49 |
| ARDS with pneumonia (n) | 0 (0); maximum 12 |
| ARDS with traumatic injury (n) | 0 (0); maximum 12 |
| Industries | |
| Construction sites (n) | 12 (41) |
| Manufacturing sites (n) | 4 (16) |
| Number of employees in construction (n) | 43 (212) |
| Number of employees in manufacturing (n) | 37 (306) |
| Demographic information | |
| Proportion of whites | 0.97 (0.10) |
| Proportion of blacks | 0.01 (0.04) |
| Proportion of Asians | <0.01 (0.01) |
| Proportion of Hispanics | <0.01 (<0.01) |
| Proportion of Native Americans | <0.01 (0.01) |
| Proportion of females | 0.55 (0.06) |
| Proportion of adults ≥85 years of age | 0.13 (0.06) |
| ZIP code-level SES | |
| Median household income ($) | 44,650 (19,370) |
| Proportion of ever smokers | 0.46 (0.09) |
| Air pollutants | |
| PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 10.13 (3.30) |
| Ozone (ppb) | 39.00 (4.91) |
| Number of trauma center (n) | 0 (0, 0); maximum 10 |
Inclusion criteria are described in Figure 3.
IQRW indicates interquartile range width socioeconomic status.