Table 2.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in AAS Users and in Non-AAS-Using Weightlifters

	AAS Users			Nonusers	Estimated Difference Between Groups*
Variable	All users	Current users	Past users		All Users vs. Nonusers		Current Users vs. Nonusers		Current Users vs. Past Users		Past Users vs. Nonusers
	(N = 85)	(N = 57)	(N = 28)	(N = 52)	Mean difference (95% CI)	P value	Mean difference (95% CI)	P value	Mean difference (95% CI)	P value	Mean difference (95% CI)	P value
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Primary: creatinine- and cystatin-based	91.4 (19.8)	88.5 (20.6)	97.4 (16.9)	104.8 (14.3)	−14.1 (−20.3, −7.9)	<0.001	−17.0 (−23.7, −10.3)	<0.001	−9.1 (−16.6, −1.6)	0.018	−8.5 (−17.1, 0.1)	0.054
Secondary: creatinine-based	85.1 (19.6)	82.3 (19.7)	90.8 (18.3)	97.5 (14.4)	−12.9 (−19.0, −6.7)	<0.001	−15.0 (−21.4, −8.6)	<0.001	−6.3 (−14.9, 2.2)	0.145	−8.2 (−16.2, −0.2)	0.045
Secondary: cystatin-based	97.5 (21.8)	94.7 (23.3)	103.1 (17.6)	109.7 (15.7)	−13.3 (−20.3, −6.4)	<0.001	−16.7 (−24.4, −9.1)	<0.001	−10.0 (−0.3, −19.7)	0.043	−8.4 (−16.4, −0.3)	0.041
Category of eGFR (range in mL/min/1.73m2), by creatinine and cystatin	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	Risk Ratio† (95% CI)		Risk Ratio† (95% CI)		Risk Ratio† (95% CI)		Risk Ratio† (95% CI)
≥ 90	44 (52)	25 (44)	19 (68)	41 (79)	3.1 (1.6, 6.0)	<0.001	3.6 (1.8, 7.0)	<0.001	1.8 (0.98, 3.3)	0.057	2.0 (0.86, 4.6)	0.11
60–89	38 (45)	29 (51)	9 (32)	11 (21)
45–59	1 (1)	1 (2)	0	0
30–44	0	0	0	0
15–29	2 (2)	2 (4)	0	0
<15	0	0	0	0

eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; AAS = anabolic-androgenic steroid.

^*By generalized linear regression, adjusted for age, race, lifetime history of any regular tobacco use, and lifetime history of abuse of or dependence on one or more drugs of abuse

^†Relative risk of eGFR < 90