Skip to main content
. 2020 Dec 15;7(12):e24815. doi: 10.2196/24815

Table 2.

Contemporaneous and short-term temporal associations between anxiety/optimism about COVID-19 and mental health, behavioral health, and connectedness dependent variablesa.

Predictor Dependent variable: anxiety Dependent variable: sadness Dependent variable: desire to use alcohol Dependent variable: desire to use drugs Dependent variable: close/connected

β (95% CI) P value β (95% CI) P value β (95% CI) P value β (95% CI) P value β (95% CI) P value
COVID-19 anxiety (contemporaneous) 0.055 (0.044 to 0.066) <.001 0.054 (0.043 to 0.064) <.001 0.037 (0.026 to 0.049) <.001 0.019 (0.009 to 0.029) <.001 0.015 (0.005 to 0.025) .003
COVID-19 anxiety (temporal) 0.033 (0.021 to 0.046) <.001 0.035 (0.023 to 0.047) <.001 0.023 (0.010 to 0.036) .001 0.011 (–0.001 to 0.022) .07 0.015 (0.003 to 0.027) .02
COVID-19 optimism (contemporaneous) –0.004 (–0.024 to 0.017) .72 –0.027 (–0.046 to –0.007) .007 –0.024 (–0.046 to –0.002) .03 0.007 (–0.009 to 0.023) .40 0.015 (0.003 to 0.032) .01
COVID-19 optimism (temporal) –0.001 (–0.023 to 0.021) .93 –0.003 (–0.023 to 0.017) .78 0.00 (–0.023 to 0.022) .97 0.013 (–0.004 to 0.031) .13 0.007 (–0.012 to 0.026) .47

aEach row in each section (anxiety/optimism and contemporaneous/temporal) represents separate analyses. As optimism was assessed on the daily level, we aggregated (averaged) the momentary dependent variables for each day.