Table 2.

Contemporaneous and short-term temporal associations between anxiety/optimism about COVID-19 and mental health, behavioral health, and connectedness dependent variables^a.

Predictor	Dependent variable: anxiety		Dependent variable: sadness		Dependent variable: desire to use alcohol		Dependent variable: desire to use drugs		Dependent variable: close/connected
	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value
COVID-19 anxiety (contemporaneous)	0.055 (0.044 to 0.066)	<.001	0.054 (0.043 to 0.064)	<.001	0.037 (0.026 to 0.049)	<.001	0.019 (0.009 to 0.029)	<.001	0.015 (0.005 to 0.025)	.003
COVID-19 anxiety (temporal)	0.033 (0.021 to 0.046)	<.001	0.035 (0.023 to 0.047)	<.001	0.023 (0.010 to 0.036)	.001	0.011 (–0.001 to 0.022)	.07	0.015 (0.003 to 0.027)	.02
COVID-19 optimism (contemporaneous)	–0.004 (–0.024 to 0.017)	.72	–0.027 (–0.046 to –0.007)	.007	–0.024 (–0.046 to –0.002)	.03	0.007 (–0.009 to 0.023)	.40	0.015 (0.003 to 0.032)	.01
COVID-19 optimism (temporal)	–0.001 (–0.023 to 0.021)	.93	–0.003 (–0.023 to 0.017)	.78	0.00 (–0.023 to 0.022)	.97	0.013 (–0.004 to 0.031)	.13	0.007 (–0.012 to 0.026)	.47

^aEach row in each section (anxiety/optimism and contemporaneous/temporal) represents separate analyses. As optimism was assessed on the daily level, we aggregated (averaged) the momentary dependent variables for each day.