Table 2.
Strength of association between medication and odds of typical COVID-19 symptoms that were self-reported (N=3645).
| Medication |
Number of participants taking medication, n (%) | COVID-19 symptom, odds ratio estimate (CIa) | ||||||
|
|
Headache | Fever | Loss of smell or taste | Sore throat | Shortness of breath | Joint-muscle pain | Dry cough | |
| Statins | 358 (10) |
0.42
(0.28-0.64) b |
0.43 (0.13-1.45) |
0.67 (0.29-1.53) |
0.54
(0.35-0.85) |
1.15 (0.71-1.87) |
0.87 (0.56-1.34) |
0.61
(0.43-0.88) |
| NSAIDsc | 212 (6) |
1.93
(1.38-2.7) |
0.4 (0.09-1.67) |
0.91 (0.36-2.34) |
1.58
(1.08-2.31) |
2.36
(1.48-3.75) |
2.1
(1.41-3.13) |
1.57
(1.10-2.23) |
| Thyroid medication |
585 (16) | 1.13 (0.89-1.43) |
0.63 (0.30-1.32) |
0.62 (0.33-1.19) |
0.78 (0.59-1.04) |
0.84 (0.56-1.26) |
1.02 (0.75-1.39) |
0.93 (0.72-1.20) |
| Omeprazole/ pantoprazole |
399 (11) | 0.95 (0.70-1.3) |
1.62 (0.77-3.42) |
0.71 (0.33-1.52) |
1.15 (0.83-1.61) |
0.93 (0.58-1.47) |
1.07 (0.74-1.56) |
0.81 (0.59-1.12) |
| Metamizole | 127 (3) |
2.31
(1.50-3.55) |
1.47 (0.47-4.56) |
2.91
(1.17-7.22) |
1.44 (0.87-2.40) |
2.62
(1.45-4.73) |
2.44
(1.47-4.05) |
1.74
(1.10-2.74) |
| Antihypertensives (all) | 1094 (30) | 0.76 (0.55-1.04) |
0.48 (0.18-1.26) |
1.18 (0.59-2.36) |
0.65
(0.45-0.93) |
1.44 (0.92-2.26) |
0.96 (0.65-1.42) |
1.22 (0.90-1.65) |
| Furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide |
192 (5) | 0.71 (0.44-1.15) |
0.58 (0.13-2.64) |
0.92 (0.35-2.41) |
0.39
(0.20-0.75) |
0.59 (0.29-1.21) |
0.71 (0.40-1.27) |
1.02 (0.67-1.57) |
| Cortisone | 169 (5) | 1.24 (0.83-1.86) |
1.47 (0.54-3.98) |
0.96 (0.33-2.79) |
1.26 (0.81-1.97) |
1.83
(1.05-3.18) |
1.8
(1.12-2.90) |
1.26 (0.82-1.92) |
| DMARDsd | 56 (2) | 0.5 (0.23-1.09) |
0.66 (0.08-5.30) |
0.82 (0.11-6.33) |
1.66 (0.85-3.23) |
1.6 (0.69-3.76) |
0.54 (0.20-1.45) |
1.01 (0.49-2.05) |
| Antihistamines | 239 (7) | 1.31 (0.94-1.82) |
0.73 (0.26-2.07) |
0.98 (0.42-2.32) |
1.12 (0.77-1.65) |
1.22 (0.72-2.05) |
0.91 (0.57-1.45) |
0.97 (0.67-1.41) |
| Biologics | 142 (4) |
1.75
(1.18-2.59) |
1.32 (0.46-3.79) |
0.24 (0.03-1.79) |
0.85 (0.51-1.43) |
0.57 (0.25-1.28) |
0.92 (0.52-1.63) |
0.95 (0.59-1.52) |
| Hydroxy- chloroquine |
28 (1) | 1.8 (0.76-4.25) |
1.72 (0.22-13.8) |
—e | 1.66 (0.66-4.16) |
0.97 (0.26-3.54) |
0.49 (0.11-2.15) |
1.44 (0.59-3.54) |
| Subgroup ARBsf | 39 (1) | 0.87 (0.33-2.34) |
— | — | 0.52 (0.12-2.21) |
1.21 (0.35-4.14) |
0.9 (0.26-3.05) |
1.14 (0.48-2.67) |
| Subgroup ACEIsg (eg, ramipril) | 412 (11) | 0.94 (0.65-1.37) |
0.93 (0.31-2.83) |
0.38
(0.15-0.93) |
1.16 (0.76-1.75) |
0.85 (0.50-1.44) |
1.12 (0.72-1.74) |
0.93 (0.66-1.31) |
| Subgroup beta-blockers | 437 (12) | 0.95 (0.65-1.37) |
1.9 (0.66-5.46) |
2.1 (1.01-4.35) |
1.24 (0.82-1.87) |
0.82 (0.49-1.39) |
1.05 (0.68-1.64) |
1.14 (0.81-1.59) |
| Subgroup calcium-channel blockers (eg, amlodipine) | 209 (6) | 1.35 (0.88-2.06) |
1.14 (0.31-4.16) |
1.49 (0.65-3.39) |
1.23 (0.75-2.00) |
0.74 (0.38-1.46) |
0.66 (0.36-1.19) |
1.06 (0.70-1.59) |
aLower and upper limits of 95% Wald confidence interval.
bItalic text indicates statistically significant values.
cNSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
dDMARDs: disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.
eNot applicable (ie, numbers were too low to be calculated).
fARBs: angiotensin receptor blocker.
gACEIs: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.