Table 5.

List of researches reported on in silico drug design (CADD) against viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2.

Author and Publication Year	Objective of the Study	Target Protein	Findings
Prasanth et al., 2020	identification of potential inhibitors from Cinnamon against main protease and spike glycoprotein of SARS CoV-2	Mpro and Spike	•Tenufolin (TEN) and Pavetannin C1 (PAV) are hit compounds against Mpro and Spike protein
Hall Jr and Ji, 2020	Identification of effective inhibors against Spike glycoprotein and 3CL protease of SARS-CoV-2	Spike and 3CL Pro	•Zanamivir, Indinavir, Saquinavir, and Remdesivir show potential inhibitory effects on S and 3CLvPRO
Wei et al., 2020	Selection of potential molecules that can target viral spike proteins	Spike protein	•Raltegravir have a relatively high binding score against S protein •Forsythiae •fructus and Isatidis radix herbs are widely used for treating Covid-19
Fantini et al., 2020	Studied the effects of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for treating Covid-19	Spike Protein	•CLQ, CLQ-OH inhibits the binding of viral S protein with gangliosides binding site
BR et al., 2020	Screening of small molecules to bind ACE2 specific RBD on Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2	Spike protein	•Glycyrrhizic Acid of plant origin may be repurposed for SARS-CoV-2 intervention
Cavasotto and Di Filippo, 2020	Docking-based screening from approved drugs and compounds undergoing clinical trials, against three SARS-CoV-2 target proteins	Spike, M pro, Papain like protease	•Prlatrexete, Carumonam, Aclerasteride, Granotapide (S protein), Tiracizine (PL Pro), Ritonavir (M pro) are the effectives compounds and drugs processed under clinical triels
Vardhan and Sahoo, 2020	Virtual screening of phytochemicals against viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2	Spike, Mpro, 3CL pro, PL pro, ACE2, RdRp	•Glycyrrhizic acid, limonin, 7-deacetyl-7-benzoylgedunin, maslinic acid, corosolic acid, obacunone and ursolic acid effective against the target proteins of SARS-CoV-2
Panda et al., 2020	Structure-based drug designing and immunoinformatics approach for SARS-CoV-2	Spike glycoprotein, M pro, ACE2	•Zanamivir and Lopinavir showed stronger binding affinity against S protein and M pro respectively
Sarma et al., 2020	Homology assisted identification of inhibitor against RNA binding domain of N protein	Nucleocapsid protein	•Theophylline and pyrimidone derivatives are possible inhibitors
Ray et al., 2020a	Potential drug compound identification against Covid-19	Nucleocapsid protein	•Glycyrrhizic acid and Theaflavin natural compound showed best binding energy against N protein
Bhowmik et al., 2020	Identify potential drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins	Membrane, Envelope and Nucleocapsid protein	•Rutin against envelope protein •Caffeic acid and ferulic acid against membrane protein •Simeprevir and grazoprevir against N protein
Lavecchia and Fernandez, 2020	Stabilization of non-native Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) of the nucleocapsid protein for inhibit viral replication in SARS-CoV-2	Nucleocapsid Protein	•Catechin might be used to stabilize PPIs of N protein
Gupta et al., 2020	Detection of inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 ion channel to control covid-19	Envelope protein	•Belachinal, Macaflavanone E & Vibsanol B showed inhibitory effects for envelope protein ion channel
Jo et al., 2020	Screening of flavonoinds against 3CL pro of SARS-CoV-2	3CL pro	•Baicalin showed an effective inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro
Kumar et al., 2020	Inhibitors screening and drug discovery against main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2	Mpro	•Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Tipranavir, and Raltegravir show the best molecular interaction with the main protease of SARS-CoV-2