Table 1.
Summary characteristics of the included studies.
| References | Country | Sample size (attrition rate) | Mean age or age range | Duration (W) | Experimental group intervention | Control group intervention | Outcome assessments | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morris et al. (2017) | US | 76 (10.5%) | T = 74.4 (6.7) C = 71.4 (8.4) |
26 | AEx: 150 min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (cycling, walking, arm cranking on a specific ergometer) | ST: stretching and toning control program | EF | No |
| Fonte et al. (2019) | Italy | 41 (0%) | T = 79 (9) C = 79 (7) |
24 | 3 × 90 min/week moderate-intensity endurance and resistance training | Standard treatment | FAB/IADL | Yes |
| Ohman et al. (2016) | Helsinki | 140 (21%) | T = 77.7 (5.4) C = 78.1 (5.3) |
48 | 2 × 60 min/week executive function-related exercises, dual-task training, and balance, endurance, or aerobic exercises | Usual care | CDT/VF | No |
| Tootsa et al. (2017) | Sweden | 186 (13.4%) | T = 84.4 (6.2) C = 85.9 (7.8) |
16 | 3 × 45 min/week high-intensity functional exercise (HIFE) program (weight-bearing exercises, strength exercises, balance training) | Regular daily life | VF | No |
| Pedroso et al. (2017) | Brazil | 42 (14.2%) | T = 77.6 (6.2) C = 79.2 (5.6) |
12 | 3 × 60 min/week functional-task training: warm-up exercise period (walking, stretching exercises) + stimulated locomotion (walking up and down the stairs, zigzag jogging, etc.) + stimulate other activities of daily living (sitting down and getting up, moving objects) | Standard medical care | VF/DAFS-R | No |
| Holthoff et al. (2015) | Germany | 30 (0%) | T = 72.4 (4.3) C = 70.6 (5.4) |
12 | 3 × 30 min/week PA intervention program: motor-assisted or active resistance training of the legs on a movement trainer | Usual care | EF/ADCS-ADLs | Yes |
| Coelho et al. (2012) | Brazil | 27 (0%) | T = 78 (7.3) C = 77.1 (7.4) |
16 | 3 × 60 min/week multimodal exercise (strength/resistance exercises, agility, flexibility, strength, balance, and cognitive training) | Regular daily life | FAB/CDT | No |
| Silvaa et al. (2019) | Brazil | 27 (0%) | T = 81.2 (8.8) C = 77.5 (8.0) |
12 | 2 × 60 min/week multimodal training session (balance training, aerobic exercise, strength training) | Usual care | CDT/VF | No |
| Andrade et al. (2013) | Brazil | 30 (0%) | T = 78.6 (7.1) C = 77.0 (6.3) |
16 | 3 × 60 min/week multimodal exercise (warm-up, aerobic work, dual-task activities) | Usual care | EF/CDT | No |
| El-Kader and Al-Jiffr (2016) | Saudi Arabia | 59 (32.2%) | T = 68.9 (5.7) C = 69.1 (6.1) |
8 | 3 × 45 min/week aerobic exercise (warm-up, stretching exercises, aerobic exercise, cooling down [on treadmill with low speed and without inclination]) | Usual treatment | SF-36PF | No |
| Rolland et al. (2017) | France | 134 (17.9%) | T = 82.8 (7.8) C = 83.1 (7.0) |
48 | 2 × 60 min/week aerobic, strength, flexibility, and balance training | Routine medical care | ADLs | No |
| Vreugdenhill et al. (2012) | Australia | 40 (0%) | T = 73.5 (51–83) C = 74.7 (58–89) |
16 | 7 × 30 min/week strength and balance training and brisk walking + usual treatment | Usual treatment | Barthel Index/IADL | Yes |
| Venturelli et al. (2011) | Italy | 24 (14.3%) | T = 83 (6) C = 85 (5) |
24 | 4 × 30 min/week moderate exercise (walking) | Routine care | Barthel Index | No |
| Vidoni et al. (2017) | Italy | 65 (0%) | T = 74.1 (6.8) C = 71.1 (8.8) |
26 | AEx: 150 min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise | ST: stretching and toning control program | BADL/IADL | No |
| Hoffmanna et al. (2016) | Denmark | 200 (5%) | T = 69.8 (7.4) C = 71.3 (7.3) |
16 | 3 × 30 min/week moderate-to-high-intensity aerobic exercise (ergometer bicycle, cross trainer, treadmill) | Usual treatment | SDMT/ADCS-ADLs | No |
| Chang et al. (2015) | China | 60 (5%) | T = 70.7 (7.4) C = 70.2 (8.5) |
16 | 3 × 60–90 min/week cycling or treadmill + routine medical care | Routine medical care | ADCS-ADLs | No |
W, week; EF, executive function; AEx, aerobic exercise condition; ST, stretching and toning control condition; FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; IADL, instrumental activity of daily living; CDT, clock-drawing test; VF, verbal fluency test; DAFS-R, Direct Assessment of Functional Status; ADCS-ADLs, Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study—Activities of Daily Living; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; SF-36PF, SF-36: Physical Functioning; BADL, basic instrumental activities of daily living.