Figure 3.

(a) Thermal stability; HSP reduces denatured protein and protein aggregation by promoting the re-folding or degradation of unfolded proteins. HSP, heat shock protein. (b) Acid tolerance engineering. (c) organic solvent tolerance; Increasing acyl chain tail length of membrane lipids and overexpressing efflux pumps can improve microbial tolerance against organic solvents. (d) Genome shuffling; phenotype can be rapidly improved by recursive genomic recombination and screening of generated strains. (e) Adaptive laboratory evolution; strain tolerance can be improved after adaptive evolution under severe selection pressure.