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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2020 Sep 18;66:217–226. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.08.005

Figure 1. Chemical structures of natural nicotinamide redox cofactors and mNADs.

Figure 1

The natural nicotinamide redox cofactor NAD+ is composed of the catalytic nicotinamide ring attached to a ribose, pyrophosphate, a second ribose, and adenine base. NADP+ differs in that a phosphate group replaces a hydroxyl on the 2’ carbon of the adenine ribose. mNADs maintain the central nicotinamide ring, but are truncated or incorporate alternative functional groups compared to NAD+. The cofactors are illustrated in their oxidized from, complete cofactor names are listed under Tables 1 and 2.