A–F. Engineered vascular conduit (EVC) immediately before in vitro perfusion, immediately before implantation in vivo, and after 1 day, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after implantation in vivo compared with a native femoral artery of a nude rat. Human smooth muscle actin antibody, green fluorescent protein; von Willebrand factor antibody, Texas Red; 4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, blue; confocal microscopy, ×20. G. EVCs were anastomosed to the femoral artery as an interposition graft in end-to-end fashion (10–0 nylon suture, 5 stitches). Reproduced with edits and permissions from Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.