Table 3.
Children's patterns of use of screens, daily physical activity, and hours of sleep before and during the quarantine and differences across countries (parents' perceptions).
| Children's activity patterns | Total (n = 1,480) | Italy (1) (n = 712) | Spain (2) (n = 431) | Portugal (3) (n = 335) | Before quarantine | During quarantine | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | During | Before | During | Before | During | Before | During | Testa | Effect sizeb | Pair-wiseb | Testa | Effect sizeb | Post-hocb | |
| Use of screens [min, N (%)] | ||||||||||||||
| <30 | 306 (20.7) | 44 (3) | 129 (18.1) | 32 (4.5) | 124 (28.8) | 7 (1.6) | 53 (15.7) | 5 (1.5) | 30.02** | 0.10 | 2 > 1; 2 > 3 |
58.92*** | 0.14 | 1 > 2; 1 > 3 |
| From 30 to 60 | 529 (35.7) | 158 (10.7) | 252 (35.4) | 99 (13.9) | 151 (35) | 37 (8.6) | 126 (37.4) | 22 (6.5) | 1 > 2; 1 > 3 |
|||||
| From 60 to 90 | 347 (23.4) | 247 (16.7) | 173 (24.3) | 135 (19) | 89 (20.7) | 73 (16.9) | 85 (25.2) | 39 (11.6) | ||||||
| From 90 to 120 | 162 (11) | 307 (20.7) | 86 (12.1) | 129 (18.1) | 39 (9) | 85 (19.7) | 37 (11) | 93 (27.5) | 3 > 1; 3 > 2 |
|||||
| From 120 to 180 | 85 (5.7) | 278 (18.8) | 47 (6.6) | 101 (14.2) | 16 (3.7) | 104 (24.2) | 22 (6.5) | 73 (21.7) | 2 > 1 | |||||
| More than 180 | 51 (3.5) | 446 (30.1) | 25 (3.5) | 216 (30.3) | 12 (2.8) | 125 (29) | 14 (4.2) | 105 (31.2) | ||||||
| Physical activity [min/day, N (%)] | ||||||||||||||
| <30 | 189 (12.8) | 785 (53) | 125 (17.6) | 404 (56.7) | 30 (7) | 231 (53.6) | 34 (10.1) | 150 (44.5) | 56.43*** | 0.13 | 1 > 2 | 29.29** | 0.09 | 1 > 3; 2 > 3 |
| From 30 to 60 | 490 (33.1) | 477 (32.2) | 251 (35.2) | 198 (27.8) | 118 (27.4) | 138 (32) | 121 (36) | 141 (41.8) | 3 > 1 | |||||
| From 60 to 90 | 416 (28.1) | 138 (9.3) | 177 (24.9) | 67 (9.4) | 143 (33.2) | 41 (9.5) | 96 (28.5) | 30 (8.9) | ||||||
| From 90 to 120 | 198 (13.4) | 50 (3.4) | 83 (11.7) | 27 (3.9) | 67 (15.5) | 11 (2.6) | 48 (14.2) | 12 (3.6) | ||||||
| From 120 to 180 | 102 (6.9) | 16 (1.1) | 36 (5.1) | 8 (1.1) | 47 (10.9) | 4 (0.9) | 19 (5.6) | 4 (1.2) | 2 > 1; 2 > 3 |
|||||
| More than 180 | 85 (5.7) | 14 (1) | 40 (5.5) | 8 (1.1) | 26 (6) | 6 (1.4) | 19 (5.6) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| Hours of sleep/week [M (SD)] | 9.11 (1.44) | 9.51 (1.55) | 8.86 (1.56) | 9.22 (1.65) | 9.44 (1.16) | 9.66 (1.38) | 9.23 (1.39) | 9.91 (1.41) | 91.14*** | 0.06 | 3 > 1; 2 > 1; 2 > 3 |
67.31*** | 0.04 | 2 > 1; 3 > 1 |
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.
a
Cross-table (χ2) for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis (χ2) for continuous variables.
b
Cramer's V for multi-categorical variables and Epsilon-squared for continuous variables. Bonferroni correction applied to p-values was used to reduce the risk of type I errors post-hoc analysis of a Chi-squared test.