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. 2020 Dec 16;10:22091. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79094-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hybrid groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x E.lanceolatus) (a) normal control, (b) positive control, highly infested with parasitic leeches, the arrow indicates the prevalence of the leeches on the head, eyes and fins area, (c,d) formalin (0.1%) treated group, arrows indicate the appearance of wounds on the body surface due to the aggressive swimming and stress induced by the chemical, (e,f) Nephrolepis biserrata methanol extract administered group, no wounds or leeches were noticed on the surface of the fishes after the treatment.