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. 2020 Dec 16;10:22047. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78987-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Contractile force generation by 3D tissue constructs engineered with iMyoD-hTERT-NHDFs. (A) Illustration of cell culture regimens. (B) Representative contractile force patterns generated by the constructs cultured using the two regimens illustrated in (A). (C) Temporally controlled, rather than prolonged, MyoD expression benefited as revealed from the comparison of the contractile forces. Forces were normalized to the condition in which DOX was withdrawn in the second week of 3D culture. The experiments were conducted in triplicate with 3 independent samples. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed by t-test. ***p < 0.001.