Table 2.
Participant's clinical characteristics and group comparisons at baseline (PRE).
| Updating intervention | Inhibition intervention |
Active control intervention |
Young adults |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n = 29 | n = 25 | n = 29 | p-values | n = 30 | p-values |
| Demographic | ||||||
| Sex, n | ||||||
| Male | 7 | 5 | 7 | 9 | ||
| Female | 22 | 20 | 22 | 21 | ||
| Age, mean ± SD | 68.1 ± 5.6 | 70.8 ± 5.1 | 71.3 ± 5.9 | 0.07 | 27.1 ± 4.7 | 0.00*** |
| Education, years, mean ± SD | 14.4 ± 2.3 | 14.8 ± 2.6 | 14.6 ± 2.6 | 0.82 | 15.0 ± 2.4 | 0.80 |
| Clinical assessment | ||||||
| Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) (range 0–30) | 28.1 ± 1.6 | 27.4 ± 1.6 | 27.9 ± 1.4 | 0.17 | 28.8 ± 1.5 | 0.01** |
| Logical memory test (range 0–25) | ||||||
| Immediate | 15.3 ± 4.0 | 15.8 ± 3.3 | 16.2 ± 4.3 | 0.76 | 17.6 ± 3.7 | 0.17 |
| Delayed | 14.0 ± 3.9 | 14.1 ± 3.1 | 15.3 ± 4.3 | 0.38 | 17.3 ± 3.3 | 0.01** |
| Cognitive reserve questionnaire | 18.6 ± 5.3 | 18.2 ± 4.4 | 18.5 ± 3.3 | 0.94 | 20.1 ± 3.0 | 0.27 |
| Hachinski (range 0–18) | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.21 | ||
| Geriatric depression scale (GDS) (range 0–15) | 1.7 ± 2.9 | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 3.0 ± 2.3 | 0.17 | ||
| BDI (range 0–63) | 5.2 ± 2.6 | |||||
| Inhibition composite measure | −0.3 ± 0.7 | −0.3 ± 0.8 | −0.3 ± 0.7 | 0.98 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.00*** |
| Victoria stroop interference index (3rd plate/1st plate) | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 0.63 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 0.00*** |
| Anti-saccade (range 0–90) | 53.5 ± 20.9 | 51.0 ± 21.3 | 49.4 ± 20.0 | 0.76 | 78.1 ± 12.8 | 0.00*** |
| Updating composite measure | −0.2 ± 0.7 | −0.2 ± 0.5 | −0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.83 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.00*** |
| Keep track (range 0–24) | 13.7 ± 3.0 | 13.8 ± 2.3 | 13.8 ± 2.7 | 0.99 | 16.2 ± 2.7 | 0.00** |
| Running span (adjusted accuracy rate) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.58 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.00*** |
| Complex working memory | ||||||
| Alpha span (adjusted accuracy rate) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.75 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.00*** |
| Reading span (range 0–56) | 34.5 ± 9.8 | 33.8 ± 6.8 | 31.85 ± 7.5 | 0.35 | 42.0 ± 7.9 | 0.00*** |
| Dual virtual reality task composite measure | −0.1 ± 0.6 | −0.3 ± 0.8 | −0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.21 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.00*** |
| Divided attention verbal memory (range 0–12) | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.3 | 0.67 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 0.00*** |
| Divided attention visual detection (range 0–20) | 16.5 ± 4.4 | 14.7 ± 6.3 | 13.4 ± 6.4 | 0.14 | 19.0 ± 1.6 | 0.00*** |
P-values for analysis of variance group effect. SD, standard deviation.
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.