Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| Total, (n = 154) | ARDS, (n = 37) | Non-ARDS, (n = 117) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 57.5 (45–70) | 69 (62–74) | 54 (41–65) | < 0.001*** |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 83 (53.90%) | 26 (70.27%) | 57 (48.72%) | 0.022* |
| Female | 71 (46.10%) | 11 (29.73%) | 60 (51.28%) | |
| Smoking habits, n (%) | 13 (13.64%) | 9 (24.32%) | 12 (10.26%) | 0.030* |
| Weight (kg) | 65.0 (55.0–75.0) | 63.5 (55.0–73.0) | 65.0 (55.5–82.0) | 0.511 |
| Fever, n (%) | 138 (89.61%) | 34 (91.89%) | 104 (88.89%) | 0.832 |
| Cough, n (%) | 102 (66.23%) | 21 (56.76%) | 81 (69.23%) | 0.162 |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 17 (11.04%) | 4 (10.81%) | 13 (11.11%) | 0.959 |
| Fatigue, n (%) | 109 (70.78%) | 28 (75.68%) | 81 (69.23%) | 0.452 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 62 (40.26%) | 14 (37.84%) | 48 (41.03%) | 0.730 |
| Time from symptoms onset to hospitalization, d | 10 (6–13) | 8 (6–11) | 10 (6–15) | 0.059 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | 68 (44.16%) | 27 (72.97%) | 41 (35.04%) | < 0.001*** |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 43 (27.92%) | 16 (43.24%) | 27 (23.08%) | 0.017* |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 28 (18.18%) | 13 (35.14%) | 15 (12.82%) | 0.002** |
| CHD, n (%) | 14 (9.09%) | 6 (16.22%) | 8 (6.84%) | 0.161 |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 6 (3.09%) | 4 (10.81%) | 2 (1.71%) | 0.045* |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| White blood cell (×109/L) | 4.845 (3.71–6.52) | 6.50 (4.79–10.26) | 4.64 (3.50–6.00) | < 0.001*** |
| Lymphocyte (×109/L) | 0.975 (0.67–1.38) | 0.53 (0.40–1.07) | 1.03 (0.78–1.52) | < 0.001*** |
| Hemoglobin(g/L) | 126 (115–137) | 129 (119–144) | 126 (114–137) | 0.136 |
| ALT (U/L) | 33.5 (19–54) | 44 (31–65) | 28 (18–48) | 0.002** |
| AST (U/L) | 34 (25–47) | 48 (37–79) | 30 (23–41) | < 0.001*** |
| LDH (U/L) | 262 (198–353) | 415 (307–594) | 233.5 (185–291.5) | < 0.001*** |
| Albumin (g/L) | 32.35 (28.9–35.80) | 29.4 (26.5–33.0) | 33.7 (29.9–36.5) | < 0.001*** |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 69.4 (58.4–83.6) | 74.5 (65.5–103.6) | 66.9 (56.3–78.7) | 0.004** |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.25 (3.30–5.91) | 5.91 (4.50–10.90) | 4.00 (3.13–4.93) | < 0.001*** |
| CK-MB (ng/mL) | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) | 1.05 (0.8–2.4) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | < 0.001*** |
| Troponin I (ng/L) | 5.0 (2.3–11.9) | 14.15 (8.0–39.6) | 3.65 (1.9–8.6) | < 0.001*** |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 13.4 (12.8–14.2) | 13.9 (13.1–14.7) | 13.3 (12.75–14.1) | 0.033* |
| D-Dimer (μg/ml) | 0.50 (0.31–1.58) | 1.88 (0.62–8.00) | 0.465 (0.24–0.945) | < 0.001*** |
| C-Reactive protein (mg/L) | 23.395 (4.675–59.565) | 61.69 (41.63–104.38) | 9.58 (2.71–37.20) | < 0.001*** |
| ESR (mm/h) | 48.5 (29–73) | 64.0 (38.5–73.5) | 45.5 (25–70.5) | 0.046* |
| Procalcitonin (ng/ml) | 0.09 (0.05–0.21) | 0.26 (0.14–0.63) | 0.07 (0.04–0.12) | < 0.001*** |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 509.32 (226.86–937.73) | 1305.325 (664.355–2000.00) | 416.72 (190.165–692.415) | < 0.001*** |
| Imaging features | ||||
| Consolidation, n (%) | 48 (31.17%) | 9 (24.32%) | 39 (33.33%) | 0.302 |
| Bilateral infiltration, n (%) | 144 (93.51%) | 34 (91.89%) | 110 (94.02%) | 0.941 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Death | 16 (10.39%) | 15 (40.54%) | 1 (0.85%) | < 0.001*** |
Mann-Whitney U tests were used to detect differences of continuous variables between ARDS and non-ARDS group. Chi-squared tests or Fisher’s exact tests were used to detect difference of categorical variables between ARDS and non-ARDS group
*p-value< 0.05
**p-value< 0.01
***p-value< 0.001