Table 1.
Demographic, clinical characteristics, and COVID-19 therapy among CKD and non-CKD cohorts.
| All | CKD cohort | No CKD cohort | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 272 | 136 | 136 | |
| Age, years | 80 (70–86) | 80 (74–86) | 79 (74–86) | 0.567 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 160 (58.8) | 80 (58.8) | 80 (58.8) | 1 |
| Caucasians, n (%) | 271 (99.6) | 136 (100) | 135 (99.2) | 0.781 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 204 (75) | 122 (89.7) | 82 (60.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 86 (31.6) | 55 (40.4) | 31 (22.8) | 0.002 |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 75 (27.6) | 35 (25.7) | 40 (29.4) | 0.498 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 66 (24.3) | 39 (28.7) | 27 (19.9) | 0.09 |
| Hematologic disorders, n (%) | 17 (6.3) | 11 (8.1) | 6 (4.4) | 0.21 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 38 (14) | 20 (14.7) | 18 (13.2) | 0.726 |
| ACEI/ARB use history, n (%) | 157 (57.7) | 96 (70.6) | 61 (44.9) | <0.001 |
| Chest radiograph findings upon admission | 0.107 | |||
| Unilateral pneumonia, n (%) | 73 (26.8) | 44 (32.4) | 29 (21.3) | |
| Bilateral pneumonia, n (%) | 184 (67.6) | 86 (63.2) | 98 (72.1) | |
| Non-specific findings/no findings, n (%) | 15 (5.5) | 6 (4.4) | 9 (6.6) | |
| Symptoms upon admission | ||||
| Fever, n (%) | 187 (68.8) | 94 (69.1) | 93 (68.4) | 0.896 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 146 (53.7) | 73 (53.7) | 73 (53.7) | 1 |
| Cough, n (%) | 157 (57.7) | 73 (53.7) | 84 (61.8) | 0.177 |
| Digestive tract symptoms, n (%) | 86 (31.6) | 40 (29.4) | 46 (33.8) | 0.434 |
| Asymptomatic, n (%) | 10 (3.7) | 4 (2.9) | 6 (4.4) | 0.519 |
| Severity | ||||
| Mild, n (%) | 9 (3.3) | 4 (2.9) | 5 (3.7) | 0.735 |
| Moderate, n (%) | 49 (18) | 33 (24.3) | 16 (11.8) | 0.007 |
| Severe, n (%) | 206 (75.7) | 94 (69.1) | 112 (82.4) | 0.011 |
| Critical, n (%) | 8 (2.9) | 5 (3.7) | 3 (2.2) | 0.473 |
| Laboratory results upon admission | ||||
| White blood cell count, 103/μl | 6.49 (5.14–9.32) | 7.69 (5.4–11.18) | 6.03 (4.69–8.78) | 0.003 |
| Lymphocyte count, 103/μl | 0.94 (0.67–1.31) | 0.88 (0.65–1.27) | 0.98 (0.72–1.33) | 0.197 |
| Lymphocyte percentage | 14.8 (9.9–22) | 12.8 (9–20) | 15.8 (11–22.3) | 0.028 |
| D-Dimer, ng/ml | 944 (598–1,675) | 1,089 (670–2,069) | 820 (521–1,358) | 0.002 |
| C-Reactive protein, mg/l | 51 (11–115) | 38 (11–134) | 63 (11–111) | 0.795 |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mla | 40 (15.6–67) | 43.6 (16.7–83.6) | 33.6 (13.1–57.9) | 0.098 |
| Baseline serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.02 (0.8–1.42) | 1.42 (1.21–1.8) | 0.8 (0.68–0.88) | <0.001 |
| Peak serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.26 (0.93–2) | 1.97 (1.54–2.99) | 0.95 (0.8–1.13) | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | <0.001 | |||
| No AKI, n (%) | 156 (57.4) | 53 (39) | 103 (75.7) | |
| AKI stage 1, n (%) | 87 (32) | 60 (44.1) | 27 (19.9) | |
| AKI stage 2, n (%) | 17 (6.3) | 14 (10.3) | 3 (2.2) | |
| AKI stage 3, n (%) | 12 (4.4) | 9 (6.6) | 3 (2.2) | |
| Therapy | ||||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir, n (%) | 177 (65.1) | 87 (64) | 90 (66.2) | 0.703 |
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 253 (93) | 122 (89.7) | 131 (96.3) | 0.032 |
| Antibiotic, n (%) | 244 (89.7) | 122 (89.7) | 122 (89.7) | 1 |
| Tocilizumab, n (%) | 5 (1.8) | 2 (1.5) | 3 (2.2) | 0.646 |
| Interferon beta, n (%) | 80 (29.4) | 35 (25.7) | 45 (33.1) | 0.183 |
a
Incomplete laboratory data in 8 cases. ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; CKD, chronic kidney disease.