Table 2.
Age-specific and age-standardized prevalence (%) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the residents aged 15 years older living at high altitude.
| Variables | Overall | Men | Women | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/total (n/N) | Prevalence of COPD (95%CI) | Cases/total (n/N) | Prevalence of COPD (95%CI) | Cases/total (n/N) | Prevalence of COPD (95%CI) | |
| Prevalence | 364/4,967 | 8.2% (7.4–8.9) | 187/2,415 | 9.3% (8.2–10.4) | 177/2,552 | 7.1% (6.1–8.2) |
| Age, year | ||||||
| 15–39 | 106/2,659 | 3.7% (2.9–4.4) | 59/1,402 | 3.6% (2.5–4.6) | 47/1,257 | 3.7% (2.6–4.7) |
| 40–49 | 87/1,112 | 7.2% (5.6–8.9) | 42/495 | 8.7% (6.1–11.2) | 45/617 | 6.2% (4.1–8.3) |
| 50–59 | 88/751 | 11.1% (8.7–13.6) | 34/313 | 12.2% (8.5–15.8) | 54/438 | 10.3% (7.0–13.5) |
| ≥60 | 83/445 | 33.3% (29.3–37.3) | 52/205 | 46.2% (39.3–53.1) | 31/240 | 22.6% (18.0–27.1) |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Altitude, m | ||||||
| 2,100–3,000 | 170/1,626 | 12.1% (10.5–13.7) | 95/807 | 13.9% (11.5–16.3) | 75/819 | 10.1% (8.0–12.1) |
| 3,000–4,000 | 119/1,895 | 6.9% (5.8–8.0) | 52/956 | 6.7% (5.2–8.1) | 67/939 | 7.0% (5.3–8.7) |
| >4,000 | 75/1,446 | 5.4% (4.2–6.6) | 40/652 | 7.1% (5.2–8.9) | 35/794 | 4.2% (2.8–5.7) |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Education level | ||||||
| Primary school and lower | 269/2,668 | 8.8% (7.5–10.0) | 125/1,048 | 10.3% (8.2–12.4) | 144/1,620 | 7.6% (6.2–9.1) |
| Middle and high school | 55/1,326 | 6.3% (5.3–7.4) | 38/747 | 8.4% (6.7–10.0) | 17/579 | 2.6% (1.2–4.0) |
| College and higher | 40/973 | 6.0% (4.7–7.2) | 24/620 | 5.5% (3.9–7.0) | 16/353 | 6.8% (4.6–9.0) |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never smoker | 239/3,604 | 7.3% (6.5–8.1) | 76/1,233 | 7.8% (6.4–9.2) | 163/2,371 | 7.2% (6.1–8.2) |
| Former smoker | 39/300 | 9.7% (5.6–13.7) | 29/237 | 10.6% (6.2–15.1) | 10/63 | 3.2% (2.6–3.9) |
| Current smoker | 86/1,063 | 12.0% (10.3–13.7) | 82/945 | 11.6% (9.7–13.5) | 4/118 | 12.1% (8.8–15.5) |
| P for trend | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.006 | |||
| Cigarette smoking*, pack-year | ||||||
| 0 | 239/3,604 | 7.3% (6.5–8.1) | 76/1,233 | 7.8% (6.4–9.2) | 163/2,371 | 7.2% (6.1–8.2) |
| 1–19 | 8/137 | 9.8% (5.8–13.9) | 4/113 | 4.2% (0.8–7.6) | 4/24 | 25.3% (9.0–41.7) |
| ≥20 | 117/1,216 | 10.4% (8.7–12.2) | 107/1,060 | 11.2% (9.3–13.1) | 10/156 | 5.0% (1.0–8.9) |
| P for trend | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.165 | |||
| Household air pollution* | ||||||
| Yes | 288/3,370 | 9.0% (8.0–10.0) | 145/1,506 | 10.7% (9.1–12.3) | 143/1,864 | 7.7% (6.5–9.0) |
| No | 76/1,582 | 6.2% (5.1–7.2) | 42/899 | 6.4% (4.9–7.8) | 34/683 | 5.6% (3.9–7.3) |
| P for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.018 | |||
| History of tuberculosis | ||||||
| Yes | 37/254 | 11.6% (6.9–16.3) | 18/119 | 12.8% (5.8–19.8) | 19/135 | 10.0% (3.7–16.4) |
| No | 327/4,713 | 7.8% (7.0–8.5) | 169/2,296 | 8.9% (7.8–10.0) | 158/2,417 | 6.8% (5.8–7.8) |
| P for difference | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |||
| Exposure in the workplace* | ||||||
| Yes | 15/138 | 8.2% (2.7–13.7) | 9/72 | 9.9% (1.7–18.1) | 6/66 | 5.5% (3.3–7.6) |
| No | 346/4,791 | 8.2% (7.4–8.9) | 176/2,325 | 3.8% (2.4–5.2) | 170/2,466 | 7.1% (6.1–8.2) |
| P for difference | 0.105 | 0.123 | 0.489 | |||
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
*
Data missing for cigarette smoking (n = 10), household air pollution (n = 15) and exposure in the workplace (n = 38).