TABLE 1.
Effects of CTRP3 on signals or critical factors in metabolism and the cardiovascular system.
| Signals or critical factors | References | Effects |
| ↑PI3K/AKT | Shepherd et al., 1993; Akiyama et al., 2007; Peterson et al., 2010; Yi et al., 2012 | Promotes angiogenesis, reduces insulin resistance, inhibits gluconeogenesis in liver, and suppresses glucose uptake in cultured adipocyte and muscle cells |
| ↑ERK1/2 | Akiyama et al., 2007; Maeda and Wakisaka, 2010; Zhang Z. et al., 2019 | Promotes angiogenesis, myocardiocytes proliferation and migration |
| ↑AMPK | Zheng et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2012; Peterson et al., 2013; Ma et al., 2017; Zhang B. et al., 2019 | Regulates lipid metabolism, vasorelaxation, increases mitochondrial biogenesis, attenuates cardiomyopathy |
| ↑Adiponectin, Leptin | Pajvani et al., 2003; Li et al., 2014a | Reduces triacylglycerol synthesis |
| ↓C/EBP α,PPAR γ,FABP4 | Nishimoto et al., 2017 | Inhibits adipogenesis |
| ↓TGF β/smad3 | Yi et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2014 | Attenuates vascular fibrosis |
| ↓IL-6, TNFα | Alberti and Zimmet, 1998; Cherrington, 1999; Kopp et al., 2010; Peterson et al., 2013; Wolf et al., 2016 | Reduces insulin resistance and anti-inflammatory effect |
| ↓LPS/TLR4 | Kopp et al., 2010 | Inhibit inflammatory response |
| ↓p38 MAPK | Zhang B. et al., 2019 | Inhibits ER stress |
| ↑PKA | Li et al., 2014b, 2015 | Increase CTRP3 expression |
| ↑PKA -TAK1-c-JNK | Ma et al., 2019 | Exacerbates cardiac hypertrophy |
| ↑mTOR | Rehorst et al., 2019 | Enhances axonal outgrowth |
| ↓JAK2/STAT3 | Hu et al., 2019 | Inhibits high glucose-induced proliferation and extracellular matrix production in human glomerular mesangial cells |
CTRP3, C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; FABP4, fatty acid binding protein 4; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PKA, protein kinase A; TAK1, transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; JAK, just another kinase or janus kinase; STAT3, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3.