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MSNA variations during baseline and voluntary end-expiratory apnea. Normal respiration during baseline (53 s length), maximal voluntary end-expiratory apnea (21 s length), and normal respiration during recovery (60 s) are illustrated. From top to bottom: ECG; blood pressure (BP); neurogram and respiration. Toward the end of the apnea, a marked rise in the sympathetic nerve activity is observed, characterized by increased number of bursts with higher amplitude.
