Table 2.
Laboratory findings of patients with COVID‐19
| Reference interval | Median (IQR) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | TnI‐positive | TnI‐negative | |||
| (n = 119) | (n = 27) | (n = 92) | |||
| hs‐TnI, pg/ml | Men, ≤34.2 | 6.9 (2.65–21.15) | 533.75 (127.125–6134.825) | 6 (2.2–9.3) | N/A |
| Women, ≤15.6 | 6.25 (2.3–16.65) | 48.9 (19.35–123.4) | 3.2 (1.95–7.55) | ||
| Myoglobin, ng/ml | Men, ≤154.9 | 87.3 (44–134.6) | 192.4 (122.725–248.225) | 64.3 (40.9–119.8) | <0.001* |
| Women, ≤106 | 38.2 (27.7–63.775) | 120.9 (65.5–265.325) | 34.1 (26.825–54.125) | ||
| CK‐MB, ng/ml | Men, ≤7.2 | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 4.05 (1.625–11.85) | 1 (0.6–1.5) | 0.001* |
| Women, ≤3.4 | 0.7 (0.35–1.2) | 1.95 (0.9–9.425) | 0.6 (0.3–0.8) | ||
| NT‐proBNP, pg/ml | <241 | 221 (113–707) | 1371 (543–3304) | 176 (96.25–344.5) | <0.001* |
| WBC count, ×109/L | 3.5–9.5 | 5.85 (4.49–7.27) | 7.76 (6.19–10.19) | 5.505 (4.3825–6.84) | <0.001* |
| Neutrophil, % | 40–75 | 71 (60.8–81.5) | 83.4 (75.1–87.1) | 67.45 (58.825–76.5) | <0.001* |
| Neutrophil count, ×109/L | 1.8–6.3 | 4.02 (2.81–5.63) | 7.23 (4.46–9.01) | 3.835 (2.5525–4.7725) | <0.001* |
| Lymphocyte, % | 20–50 | 17.5 (10.9–28.2) | 8.7 (5.4–15.9) | 19.95 (13.925–29.5) | <0.001* |
| Lymphocyte count, ×109/L | 1.1–3.2 | 1.02 (0.69–1.41) | 0.81 (0.59–1.1) | 1.1 (0.735–1.515) | <0.001* |
| Monocyte, % | 3.0–10.0 | 8.7 (6.5–10.1) | 6.2 (4.5–8.7) | 9.1 (7.5–10.275) | <0.001* |
| Monocyte count, ×109/L | 0.1–0.6 | 0.54 (0.39–0.66) | 0.5 (0.34–0.78) | 0.54 (0.39–0.64) | 0.714 |
| Eosinophil, % | 0.4–8 | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) | 0.3 (0–1.1) | 0.75 (0.2–1.8) | 0.050 |
| Eosinophil count, ×109/L | 0.02–0.52 | 0.04 (0.01–0.11) | 0.03 (0–0.09) | 0.05 (0.01–0.11) | 0.386 |
| Basophil, % | 0–1 | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.375) | 0.217 |
| Basophil count, ×109/L | 0–0.1 | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | 0.01 (0.01–0.03) | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | 0.139 |
| Erythrocyte count, ×1012/L | 4.3–5.8 | 3.96 (3.61–4.41) | 4.08 (3.61–4.67) | 3.955 (3.595–4.38) | 0.299 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 130–175 | 123 (110–134) | 126 (102–136) | 121 (111–133) | 0.686 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L | 125–350 | 240 (168–292) | 188 (105–253) | 241.5 (184.5–296.75) | 0.012* |
| ESR, mm/H | 0–15 | 41 (22–68.5) | 35 (16–56) | 48 (25–70.5) | 0.084 |
| PT, s | 11.5–14.5 | 14.1 (13.5–14.6) | 14.6 (13.8–15.6) | 14 (13.475–14.4) | 0.003* |
| PTA, % | 75–125 | 89 (83–97.5) | 81 (73–91) | 90 (85–99) | 0.001* |
| INR, µmol/L | 0.8–1.2 | 1.07 (1.015–1.125) | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) | 1.065 (1.01–1.11) | 0.002* |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 2.0–4.0 | 5.1 (3.955–6.175) | 5.3 (3.92–5.99) | 5.08 (3.9625–6.185) | 0.857 |
| APTT, s | 29–42 | 39.6 (36.4–42.95) | 39.6 (36.4–43.5) | 39.85 (36.25–42.475) | 0.852 |
| TT, s | 14–19 | 16.8 (15.8–17.75) | 16.9 (15.5–17.8) | 16.75 (15.875–17.65) | 0.824 |
| D‐dimer, μg/ml FEU | <0.5 | 1.43 (0.6–2.745) | 3.71 (1.19–21) | 1.185 (0.545–2.205) | <0.001* |
| FDPs, μg/ml | <5 | 5 (4–14.1) | 15.9 (4.25–63.65) | 4.4 (4–7.8) | 0.004* |
| Antithrombin, % | 80–120 | 91 (83–105.75) | 91 (79–106) | 91 (84–105) | 0.718 |
| ALT, U/L | Men, ≤41 | 26 (18–41) | 31 (18.25–43) | 24 (17–40) | 0.648 |
| Women, ≤33 | 17 (12–29.25) | 16 (12–33) | 17 (12–28) | ||
| AST, U/L | Men, ≤40 | 27 (20–37) | 31 (24.5–49.5) | 25 (19–35) | 0.648 |
| Women, ≤32 | 21.5 (16.75–32.25) | 25 (19–36.5) | 21 (16–32.5) | ||
| Total protein, g/L | 64–83 | 68.3 (64.4–72.4) | 68.2 (64.4–70.8) | 68.35 (64.275–72.55) | 0.638 |
| Albumin, g/L | 35–52 | 33.4 (30.9–37.2) | 32.3 (30.2–35.3) | 34.4 (30.9–37.7) | 0.161 |
| Globulin, g/L | 20–35 | 34.2 (30.4–37) | 36.3 (31.8–37.6) | 33.25 (30.4–36.775) | 0.143 |
| Prealbumin, mg/L | 200–400 | 202 (116–243) | 216.5 (115.25–280) | 201 (115.5–242) | 0.489 |
| TBil, µmol/L | Men, ≤26 | 10.9 (8.7–14.8) | 11.85 (8.875–24.45) | 10.6 (8.7–14.6) | 1.000 |
| Women, ≤21 | 10.25 (7.45–14.025) | 11 (8.95–16.2) | 10 (7.15–12.6) | ||
| DBil, µmol/L | ≤8 | 4.6 (3.2–6.3) | 6.2 (3.4–8.9) | 4.3 (3.125–5.775) | 0.026* |
| IBil, µmol/L | Men, ≤16.8 | 5.9 (4.55–8.4) | 7.1 (4.225–10.425) | 5.8 (4.5–8.2) | 0.541 |
| Women, ≤12.9 | 5.6 (4.275–8) | 5.5 (3.85–8.4) | 6 (4.35–7.8) | ||
| ALP, U/L | Men, 40–130 | 69 (58.5–83.5) | 80.5 (68.5–102.75) | 65 (54–80) | 0.646 |
| Women, 35–105 | 65 (54.75–87) | 67 (50.5–79.5) | 63 (55.5–88) | ||
| γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, U/L | Men, 10–71 | 28 (20.5–58) | 40.5 (20.5–87.5) | 27 (20–47) | 0.431 |
| Women, 6–42 | 19.5 (15–46.75) | 20 (17–40.5) | 19 (14.5–48.5) | ||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | <5.18 | 3.9 (3.15–4.44) | 4.02 (3.07–4.6) | 3.895 (3.175–4.4075) | 0.990 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | <1.7 | 1.18 (0.93–1.69) | 1.335 (1.07–1.7825) | 1.15 (0.92–1.69) | 0.125 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.04–1.55 | 0.94 (0.77–1.07) | 0.94 (0.8075–1.165) | 0.94 (0.765–1.06) | 0.666 |
| LDL, mmol/L | <3.37 | 2.37 (1.87–2.93) | 2.25 (1.5525–2.6075) | 2.37 (1.87–2.995) | 0.130 |
| CK, U/L | Men, ≤190 | 80 (55.25–119.75) | 205.5 (76.75–271.75) | 70.5 (55.25–96.75) | 0.007* |
| Women, ≤170 | 49 (36–84.5) | 37 (27.5–137) | 51 (37.5–78.5) | ||
| LDH, U/L | 135–225 | 269 (214–364) | 384 (245–646) | 259 (206.75–311) | <0.001* |
| K, mmol/L | 3.5–5.1 | 4.33 (3.93–4.75) | 4.27 (3.68–5.02) | 4.34 (3.985–4.7375) | 0.835 |
| Na, mmol/L | 136–145 | 140.1 (138–142.4) | 140.2 (137.8–142.2) | 140 (138.025–142.55) | 0.980 |
| Cl, mmol/L | 99–110 | 101.2 (98.3–103.6) | 99.7 (97.4–104.4) | 101.3 (98.375–103.375) | 0.796 |
| Ca, mmol/L | 2.2–2.55 | 2.15 (2.07–2.25) | 2.15 (2.06–2.23) | 2.155 (2.07–2.25) | 0.686 |
| P, mmol/L | 0.81–1.45 | 1.12 (0.86–1.25) | 1.26 (0.935–1.68) | 1.09 (0.86–1.23) | 0.087 |
| Mg, mmol/L | 0.66–0.99 | 0.85 (0.79–0.91) | 0.815 (0.7725–1.025) | 0.87 (0.81–0.91) | 0.867 |
| Urea, mmol/L | Men, 3.6–9.5 | 5.6 (4.1–8.5) | 11.4 (9.5–15.3) | 4.9 (3.7–6.5) | <0.001* |
| Women, 3.1–8.8 | 4.15 (3.1–5.55) | 7.4 (5.35–15.05) | 3.4 (3–4.6) | ||
| Creatinine, µmol/L | Men, 59–104 | 82 (69.5–93) | 93.5 (83.75–165) | 75 (66–91) | <0.001* |
| Women, 45–84 | 64 (56.75–75.25) | 80 (64–99) | 60 (55.5–69) | ||
| Trioxypurine, µmol/L | Men, 202.3–416.5 | 264 (207.5–303) | 313.5 (257.75–403.5) | 255 (183–295) | 0.003* |
| Women, 142.8–339.2 | 261.5 (172.75–297) | 323 (227.5–461) | 255 (169.5–280.5) | ||
| HCO−, mmol/L | 22–29 | 24.8 (23.1–27) | 23.8 (21.5–25.4) | 25.15 (23.35–27.1) | 0.022* |
| Total bile acid, µmol/L | ≤10 | 4.6 (2.9–6.95) | 5.1 (3.15–6.4) | 4.5 (2.9–7.05) | 0.987 |
| a‐L‐fucosidase, IU/L | 5–40 | 22 (18–27) | 22 (16.75–28.5) | 22 (18–27) | 0.974 |
| Cholinesterase, U/L | 5320–12920 | 6448 (4752.25–7499.5) | 4188.5 (3345.25–8062.75) | 6628.5 (5188–7484.25) | 0.245 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 0.6–1.55 | 1.03 (0.92–1.405) | 2.645 (1.1–5.0225) | 1 (0.905–1.21) | 0.004* |
| Total amylase, U/L | 28–100 | 63 (48–75.75) | 71 (60.5–106.5) | 62 (45.75–75.25) | 0.134 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | >90 | 85.2 (69.3–92.8) | 67.1 (48.2–80.7) | 89.4 (74.925–94.3) | <0.001* |
| Procalcitonin, ng/ml | <0.05 | 0.05 (0.03–0.1225) | 0.205 (0.095–0.3375) | 0.03 (0.0225–0.06) | <0.001* |
| IL‐1β, pg/ml | <5 | 5 (5–5) | 5 (5–5) | 5 (5–5) | 0.218 |
| IL‐2R, U/ml | 223–710 | 602.5 (373–1012.25) | 1062 (593–1646.5) | 541 (353.5–869.5) | <0.001* |
| IL‐6, pg/ml | <7 | 7.25 (1.93–28.8) | 24.38 (6.145–44.575) | 4.875 (1.57–17.13) | 0.004* |
| IL‐8, pg/ml | <62 | 9.45 (5–19.525) | 10.7 (6.1–28.35) | 9 (5–17.9) | 0.129 |
| IL‐10, pg/ml | <9.1 | 5 (5–5) | 5 (5–6.2) | 5 (5–5) | 0.047* |
| TNF‐α, pg/ml | <8.1 | 6.9 (4.775–10.625) | 10.3 (5.4–14.25) | 6.6 (4.4–9.3) | 0.018* |
| hs‐CRP, mg/ml | <1 | 20 (3.5–75.1) | 65.8 (10.3–131.1) | 15.85 (2.975–56.225) | 0.005* |
| Total T (CD3+ CD19−), % | 50–84 | 73.985 (63.13–78.9525) | 74.3 (63.13–80.245) | 73.85 (62.3–78.72) | 0.660 |
| Total T (CD3+ CD19−) count,/μl | 955–2860 | 973.5 (784.5–1166) | 873 (542.5–1139.5) | 974 (786–1185) | 0.391 |
| Total B (CD3− CD19+), % | 5–18 | 12.17 (8.955–16.685) | 16.74 (9.545–25.045) | 12.04 (8.04–16.05) | 0.146 |
| Total B (CD3− CD19+) count,/μl | 90–560 | 169.5 (112.5–255.5) | 198 (121–245.5) | 167 (102–271) | 0.700 |
| Helper T (CD3+ CD4+), % | 27–51 | 45.91 (37.8225–49.7825) | 48.94 (44.22–52.675) | 44.81 (37.54–49.4) | 0.114 |
| Helper T (CD3+ CD4+) count,/μl | 550–1440 | 600 (478–762.75) | 554 (351.5–708) | 616 (490–802) | 0.507 |
| Suppressor T (CD3+ CD8+), % | 15–44 | 22.23 (17.215–28.31) | 22.89 (16.385–25.725) | 22.17 (17.23–29.99) | 0.487 |
| Suppressor T (CD3+ CD8+) count,/μl | 320–1250 | 282 (243.5–385.5) | 268 (180.5–348) | 300 (243–388) | 0.299 |
| NK cell (CD3−/CD16+ CD56+), % | 7–40 | 13.015 (9.385–18.6075) | 9.43 (7.77–12.07) | 13.74 (9.61–19.89) | 0.004* |
| NK cell (CD3−/CD16+ CD56+) count,/μl | 150–1100 | 176 (117.5–273.25) | 108 (54–181) | 197 (135–313) | 0.001* |
| Th/Ts | 0.71–2.78 | 2.025 (1.405–2.6075) | 2.14 (1.855–2.865) | 1.94 (1.36–2.6) | 0.179 |
| Ig A, g/L | 0.82–4.53 | 2.115 (1.6475–3.1675) | 2.725 (2.1325–3.515) | 1.98 (1.5625–2.6325) | 0.081 |
| Ig G, g/L | 7.51–15.6 | 11.2 (9.325–13.375) | 12.35 (9.5–14.55) | 10.95 (9.275–13.15) | 0.366 |
| Ig M, g/L | 0.46–3.04 | 0.87 (0.62–1.09) | 0.925 (0.585–1.1225) | 0.86 (0.6125–1.1) | 0.883 |
| C3, g/L | 0.65–1.39 | 0.87 (0.73–0.95) | 0.915 (0.745–0.9675) | 0.87 (0.7275–0.9525) | 0.776 |
| C4, g/L | 0.16–0.38 | 0.24 (0.1825–0.29) | 0.255 (0.1925–0.32) | 0.24 (0.18–0.29) | 0.371 |
| PH | 7.35–7.45 | 7.422 (7.391–7.4545) | 7.446 (7.415–7.476) | 7.411 (7.38525–7.44575) | 0.062 |
| paCO2, mmHg | 35–45 | 39.8 (35.75–43.4) | 38.3 (30.3–42.8) | 40.5 (37.075–43.65) | 0.368 |
| paO2, mmHg | 80–100 | 136 (89.55–193) | 105 (85.9–176) | 150 (96.35–205.5) | 0.094 |
| AB, mmol/L | 21–28 | 24.7 (23.45–26.55) | 24.7 (21.5–27.5) | 24.85 (23.5–26.4) | 0.896 |
| SB, mmol/L | 21–25 | 25.3 (23.925–27.075) | 25.3 (23.8–28) | 25.3 (23.95–26.6) | 0.840 |
| BEb, mmol/L | −3–+3 | 0.9 (−0.6–3) | 1 (−0.6–4) | 0.9 (−0.65–2.55) | 0.749 |
| BE‐ECF, mmol/L | −3–+3 | 0.8 (−0.55–3.05) | 0.8 (−1.5–3.9) | 0.75 (−0.525–2.525) | 0.961 |
| TCO, mmol/L | 24–32 | 22.75 (20.9–24.3) | 22.9 (19.5–24.8) | 22.7 (21.1–24.25) | 0.906 |
| spO2, % | 91.9–99 | 99.3 (97.2–99.65) | 98.5 (96.8–99.5) | 99.35 (97.7–99.725) | 0.187 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 4.11–6.05 | 5.98 (5.16–7.26) | 6.1 (5.29–8.07) | 5.875 (5.16–7.1475) | 0.514 |
| Ferritin, μg/L | Men, 30–400 | 666.4 (420.6–1263.3) | 975.7 (633.45–1736.825) | 653.8 (362.1–1212.7) | 0.352 |
| Women, 15–150 | 436.45 (264.9–731.825) | 748.5 (246.5–1461.2) | 428.1 (300.7–654.95) | ||
All data with sex differences were converted to binary variables before analysis.
Abbreviations: AB, actual bicarbonate; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BEb, base excess blood; BE‐ECF, base excess extracellular fluid; CK, creatine kinase; CK‐MB, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB; DBil, direct bilirubin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FDPs, fibrin degradation products; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitive C‐reaction protein; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I; IBil, indirect bilirubin; IL, interleukin; INR, international normalized ratio; LDH, lactic dehydrogenase; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; PT, prothrombin time; PTA, prothrombin activity; SB, standard bicarbonate; TBil, total bilirubin; TCO, total CO2; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor; TT, thrombin time; WBC, white blood cell.
*
p values indicate differences between TnI‐positive and TnI‐negative groups; p < .05 was considered statistically significant.