Fig. 2.

Nuclear morphological features of normal and DCIS epithelial cells. a, H&E staining of a representative normal duct, and DCIS ducts from a DCIS tissue pathologically defined as grade 1–3. Scale bar, 20 µm. b-c, Violin plots of whole-tissue averages of cross-sectional area (b) and perimeter (c) of normal and DCIS cell nuclei. Each dot represents a tissue. d, Dot plot of whole-tissue averages of major and minor axis of normal and DCIS cell nuclei. Each dot represents a tissue. e, PCA analysis comparing nuclear features of DCIS with grade. Grade 1 (light blue), 2 (medium blue), and 3 (dark blue). For plots quantifying nuclear features, normal nuclear averages from each tissue are grouped (n = 90), while DCIS nuclear averages from each tissue are grouped by pathological grade. All plots represent grade 1, n = 12; 2, n = 34; 3, n = 44. All violin plots have a p-value of < 0.0001. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)