FIGURE 4.

RAGE expression by CAL‐27 cells treated with in eCig liquid. Cells did not express RAGE in the absence of flavoring. Cells exposed to Green Apple (a) induced a modest up‐regulation of RAGE expression and CAL‐27 cells exposed to Green Apple liquid plus nicotine expressed slightly more RAGE when compared to cells exposed to eCig liquid alone. CAL‐27 cells exposed to Red Hot expressed high levels of RAGE with expression further increased when nicotine was added with the Red Hot eCig liquid (b). Experiments were conducted in triplicate and Images (200x original magnification) are representative of the conducted cell culture experiments. Scale bars represent 100 m