Table 2.

Methodological challenges to evaluating arsenic exposure.

Challenges
A limited number of studies or sample sizes for many of the outcomes
Dearth of studies of pregnant women, infants and young children
Heterogeneity of arsenic concentrations in rice
Incomplete understanding of the bioavailability of rice
Other rice containing foods make it difficult to fully capture rice exposure
Lack of consideration of water arsenic and other non-rice containing foods
Potential for effect modification by other dietary factors or other factors
Absence of adjustment for total calories, other dietary factors or other constituents of rice as potential confounders