Table. General Characteristics of Children With Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) by Financial Hardship Because of Medical Bills.
| Characteristic | % (SE)a | P valueb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total CHD population | No financial hardship because of medical bills | Financial hardship because of medical bills but able to pay | Unable to pay medical bills at all | ||
| Unweighted, No. | 188 | 94 | 62 | 32 | NA |
| Weighted, No. | 151 537 | 77 402 | 48 301 | 25 744 | NA |
| Age, mean (SE), y | 9.2 (0.2) | 9.5 (0.7) | 9.3 (0.8) | 8.1 (1.3) | .37 |
| Sex | .32 | ||||
| Male | 53.1 (2.3) | 56.6 (6.2) | 43.5 (8.1) | 60.7 (10.7) | |
| Female | 46.9 (2.3) | 43.4 (6.2) | 56.5 (8.1) | 39.3 (10.7) | |
| Race/ethnicity | .66 | ||||
| White | 66.9 (2.4) | 65.1 (6.2) | 74.8 (6.6) | 48.4 (12.6) | |
| Black | 10.2 (1.3) | 13.3 (5.5) | 5.7 (3.6) | 9.0 (6.4) | |
| Asian | 2.9 (0.2) | 3.3 (1.9) | 1.0 (1.0) | 4.7 (3.0) | |
| Hispanic | 20.0 (2.1) | 18.3 (4.0) | 18.4 (5.8) | 27.8 (11.9) | |
| Maternal education | .24 | ||||
| Some college or more | 65.7 (1.9) | 70.1 (5.5) | 67.8 (8.6) | 47.1 (13.5) | |
| High school or less | 34.3 (1.9) | 29.9 (5.5) | 32.2 (8.6) | 52.9 (13.5) | |
| Paternal education | .32 | ||||
| Some college or more | 72.8 (2.9) | 74.2 (6.0) | 77.8 (6.8) | 54.8 (17.3) | |
| High school or less | 27.2 (2.9) | 25.8 (6.0) | 22.2 (6.8) | 45.2 (17.3) | |
| Family income, FPL | <.001 | ||||
| <200% | 35.3 (1.6) | 28.3 (5.6) | 21.2 (5.9) | 79.1 (12.2) | |
| 200%-400% | 30.8 (3.0) | 26.0 (6.0) | 43.1 (8.1) | 20.7 (12.2) | |
| >400% | 33.9 (2.4) | 45.7 (7.0) | 35.7 (8.3) | 0.2 (0.2) | |
| Insurance status | .22 | ||||
| Uninsured | 4.8 (2.0) | 1.6 (1.6) | 3.7 (2.3) | 16.1 (11.0) | |
| Medicaid | 33.3 (2.2) | 33.5 (5.6) | 25.8 (6.4) | 46.9 (12.3) | |
| Private or other | 62.0 (2.5) | 64.9 (5.7) | 70.5 (6.7) | 36.9 (12.8) | |
| Prescription benefits | <.001 | ||||
| No | 49.6 (2.6) | 37.7 (6.0) | 48.3 (8.2) | 87.6 (6.9) | |
| Yes | 50.4 (2.6) | 62.3 (6.0) | 51.7 (8.2) | 12.4 (6.9) | |
| Dependent on medical equipment | .22 | ||||
| No | 84.6 (1.9) | 85.2 (4.2) | 89.6 (4.3) | 73.2 (10.4) | |
| Yes | 15.4 (1.9) | 14.8 (4.2) | 10.4 (4.3) | 26.8 (10.4) | |
| Food security | <.001 | ||||
| Secure | 78.5 (2.4) | 86.4 (4.0) | 87.2 (4.7) | 38.2 (11.0) | |
| Insecure | 21.5 (2.4) | 13.6 (4.0) | 12.8 (4.7) | 61.8 (11.0) | |
| Medication nonadherence because of cost | .45 | ||||
| No | 97.5 (0.1) | 98.7 (1.3) | 97.0 (2.2) | 94.9 (3.2) | |
| Yes | 2.5 (0.1) | 1.3 (1.3) | 3.0 (2.2) | 5.1 (3.2) | |
| Delayed care or failed to obtain care because of cost | .002 | ||||
| No | 91.5 (2.0) | 95.2 (2.5) | 94.9 (2.8) | 73.8 (10.4) | |
| Yes | 8.5 (2.0) | 4.8 (2.5) | 5.1 (2.8) | 26.2 (10.4) | |
Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty level; NA, not applicable.
a
Data are presented as column percentages for weighted values. Rao-Scott weighted χ2 tests were used to evaluate differences across categorical variables and weighted linear regression was used to evaluate differences across continuous variables.
b
P values refer to differences between financial hardship groups, not the total CHD population.